Series String Order
According to various editions of the RCA Receiving Tube Manual, the heater string of an AC/DC radio should be arranged in a particular order to minimize hum. Assuming that all functions are performed by separate tubes, the heaters in the string should be arranged as follows:
- Input stage
- Ballast tube or resistor
- Rectifier
- Audio power output amplifier
- RF and IF amplifiers
- Converter
- First AF amplifier
- Detector
- Ground/B-minus line
Not all manufacturers followed this recommendation.
Read more about this topic: All American Five
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