Consonants
The following table describes the consonants of the UPA. Note that the UPA does not distinguish voiced fricatives from approximates, and does not contain many characters of the IPA such as .
| Stop | Fricative | Lateral | Trill | Nasal | Click | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | p | ʙ | b | φ | β | ᴪ | ψ | ᴍ | m | p˿ | b˿ | |||||||
| Labiodental | p͔ | ʙ͔ | b͔ | f | v | ᴍ͔ | m͔ | |||||||||||
| Dental | θ | δ | ||||||||||||||||
| Alveolar | t | ᴅ | d | ᴙ | s | ᴢ | z | š | ž | ʟ | l | ʀ | r | ɴ | n | t˿ | d˿ | |
| Dentipalatal (palatalised) | ť | ᴅ́ | ď | ś | ᴢ́ | ź | š́ | ž́ | ʟ́ | ĺ | ʀ́ | ŕ | ɴ́ | ń | ||||
| Prepalatal (palatalised and/or anterior) | ḱ | ɢ́ | ǵ | χ́ | j | ᴎ́ | ŋ́ | |||||||||||
| Velar | k | ɢ | g | χ | γ | ᴎ | ŋ | k˿ | g˿ | |||||||||
| Postvelar | k͔ | ɢ͔ | g͔ | χ͔ | γ͔ | ᴫ | ᴎ͔ | ŋ͔ | ||||||||||
| Uvular | ᴩ | ρ | ||||||||||||||||
When there are two or more consonants in a column, the rightmost one is voiced; when there are three, the centre one is partially devoiced.
Read more about this topic: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet