The University of al-Karaouine or al-Qarawiyyin (Arabic: جامعة القرويين) is a university located in Fes, Morocco. The mosque of Al-Karaouine was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859 with an associated mosque school or madrasa which has also been referred to as a university. It has been and continues to be one of the leading spiritual and educational centers of the Muslim world. It became a state university in 1963.
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“In bourgeois society, the French and the industrial revolution transformed the authorization of political space. The political revolution put an end to the formalized hierarchy of the ancien regimé.... Concurrently, the industrial revolution subverted the social hierarchy upon which the old political space was based. It transformed the experience of society from one of vertical hierarchy to one of horizontal class stratification.”
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