History of Translation Memories
1970s is the infancy stage for TMS in which scholars carried on a preliminary round of exploratory discussions. The original idea for TMS is often attributed to Martin Kay's "Proper Place" paper, but the details of it are not fully given. In this paper, it has shown the basic concept of the storing system:"The translator might start by issuing a command causing the system to display anything in the store that might be relevant to .... Before going on, he can examine past and future fragments of text that contain similar material". This oberservation from Kay was actually influenced by the suggestion of Peter Arthern that translators can use similar, already translated documents online. In his 1978 article he gave fully demonstration of what we call TMS today: Any new text would be typed into a word processing station, and as it was being typed, the system would check this text against the earlier texts stored in its memory, together with its translation into all the other official languages . ... One advantage over machine translation proper would be that all the passages so retrieved would be grammatically correct. In effect, we should be operating an electronic ‘cut and stick’ process which would, according to my calculations, save at least 15 per cent of the time which translators now employ in effectively producing translations.
Another people named Alan Melby and his group at Brigham Young University were also claimed to be the founding father of TMS. The idea was incorporated from ALPS(Automated Language Processing Systems) Tools first developed by researcher from Brigham Young University, and at that time the idea of TMS was mixed with a tool call "Repetitions Processing" which only aimed to find matched strings. Only after a long time, did the concept of so-called Translation Memory come into being.
The real exploratory stage of TMS would be 1980s. One of the first implementation of TMS appeared in Sadler and Vendelmans' Bilingual Knowledge Bank. A Bilingual Knowledge Bank is a syntactically and referentially structured pair of corpora, one being a translation of the other, in which translation units are cross-coded between the corpora. The aim of Bilingual Knowledge Bank is to develop a corpus-based general-purpose knowledge source for applications in machine translation and computer- aided translation(Sadler&Vendelman, 1987). Another important step was made by Brian Harris with his "Bi-text". He has defined the bi-text as "a single text in two dimensions" (1988), the source and target texts related by the activity of the translator through translation units which made a similar echoes with Sadler's Bilingual Knowledge Bank. And in Harris's work he proposed something like TMS without using this name: a database of paired translations, searchable either by individual word, or by" whole translation unit", in the latter case the search being allowed to retrieve similar rather than identical units.
TM technology only became commercially available on a wide scale in the late 1990s, so the efforts made by several engineers and translators including Alan Melby, Sumita and Tsutsumi, etc. But more worth mentioning is the first TM tool called Trados(SDL Trados nowadays). In this tool, when opening the source file and applying the translation memory so that any "100% matches" (identical matches) or "fuzzy matches" (similar, but not identical matches) within the text are instantly extracted and placed within the target file. Then, the "matches" suggested by the translation memory can be either accepted or overridden with new alternatives. If a translation unit is manually updated, then it is stored within the translation memory for future use as well as for repetition in the current text. In a similar way, all segments in the target file without a "match" would be translated manually and then automatically added to the translation memory. Another significant milestone of TMS is the projects at IBM's European Language Services (Denmark) in which massive translation memory were used to remove language barrier.
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