Multiple Access Networks
The UE can connect to the EPC using several access technologies. These access technologies are composed of:
- 3GPP accesses: these access technologies are specified by the 3GPP. They include GPRS, UMTS, EDGE, HSPA, LTE and LTE Advanced.
- non-3GPP accesses: these access technologies are not specified by the 3GPP. They include technologies such as cdma2000, WiFi or fixed networks. 3GPP specifies two classes of non-3GPP access technologies with different security mechanisms:
- trusted accesses, that the network operator consider trustable from a security stand point (for example: a cdma2000 network). Trusted non-3GPP accesses interface directly with the network.
- untrusted accesses, that the network operator doesn't consider trustable from a security stand point (for example, a connection over a public WiFi hotspot). Untrusted non-3GPP accesses are connected to the network via an ePDG, which provide additional security mechanisms (IPsec tunneling).
It is up to the network operator to decide whether a non-3GPP access technology is trusted or untrusted.
It is worth noting that these trusted/untrusted categories do not apply to 3GPP accesses.
Read more about this topic: System Architecture Evolution
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