Tribes Consolidated
In March 1875, the government closed the Yavapai-Apache Camp Verde Reservation, and marched the residents 180 miles (290 km) to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. More than 100 Yavapai died during the winter trek.
After the Chiricahuan Apache were deported east to Florida in 1886, San Carlos became the reservation for various other relocated Apachean-speaking groups. These included the Pinal Coyotero of the northern Gila River area, the former San Carlos Apache bands : Aravaipa (also Arivaipa or Tsee Zhinnee), Pinaleño (also Pinal Apache or Tiis Ebah Nnee), Apache Peaks (also called Bichi Lehe Nnee), and San Carlos proper (also Tiis Zhaazhe Bikoh - ′Small cottonwood canyon People′), the former Canyon Creek, Carrizo Creek and Cibecue bands of the Cibecue Apache, various bands of Southern Tonto Apache, Tsiltaden (“mountain side people”, a clan or band of the Chiricahua Apache, associated with and hence taken to be a part of the Pinaleño) some Eastern White Mountain Apache (Dził Ghą́ʼ oder Dzil Ghaa a - ‘On Top of Mountains People’ ) and the Lipan, Dzil Dlaazhe (Mount Turnbull Apache, a mixed Kwevekapaya - San Carlos Apache band). By the early 1900s, Yavapai were drifting away from the San Carlos Reservation, and were requesting permission to live on the grounds of the original Camp Verde Reservation.
After the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the various groups formed a government together and became federally recognized as the San Carlos Nation. Grenville Goodwin, an anthropologist who had lived with the Western Apache since the late 1920s, helped them to decide what government they wanted to form under the new law to gain back more sovereignty.
In 2011, the San Carlos Apache Tribe’s Language Preservation Program, located in Peridot, Arizona, began its outreach to the "14,000 tribal members residing within the districts of Bylas (Eastern White Mountain Apache, San Carlos and Southern Tonto), Gilson Wash, Peridot and Seven Mile Wash (Apache Peaks band)."
Read more about this topic: San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation
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