South America
| Period | Dates | Cultures |
|---|---|---|
| Ceramic | ||
| Late Horizon | 1476 CE – 1534 CE | Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and Colombia: Inca Empire; Brazil: Cambeba |
| Late Intermediate | 1000 CE – 1476 CE | Bolivia: Aymara nations; Colombia: Muisca, Nariño, Tairona; Ecuador: Los Huancavilca, Kingdom of Quito, Manteño, Nariño; Peru: Chimú, Chincha, Cajamarca, Piura, Chancay, Chachapoyas, Chiribaya, Chucuito, Huaman Huilca, Ilo, Qotu Qotu, Pacacocha, Palli Marca, Piura, Sican, Tajaraca, Huaylas, Conchucos, Huamachuco, Rucanas, Chanka, Ayabaca, Bracamoros, Huancabambas, Tallan culture, Huarco, Ichma, Parinacota, Cuntis, Chinchaycochas, Huarochiri, Kheswas, Tarmas, Paltas, Camanas |
| Middle Horizon | 600 CE – 1000 CE | Bolivia: Tiwanaku; Brazil: Marajoara culture; Colombia: Cauca culture, Nariño, Quimbaya, Tairona; Ecuador: Cañari culture, Nariño; Peru: Huari, Piura |
| Early Intermediate | 200 CE–600 CE | Bolivia: Tiwanaku; Colombia: Quimbaya, San Agustín, Tairona, Tierradentro, Tolima; Ecuador: La Bahía, Cara, Quitu; Peru: Moche, Nazca, Lima, Pechiche, Piura |
| Early Horizon | 900 BCE–200 CE | Colombia: Calima culture (200 BCE–400 CE), Chibcha; Ecuador: Chorrera, La Tolita; Peru: Chavín, Cupisnique, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Sechura |
| Initial Period | 1800/1500 BCE – 900 BCE | Ecuador: Cotocollao; Machalilla; Peru: Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Toríl (The Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built ca. 1000 BCE) |
| Preceramic | ||
| Period VI | 2500 BCE – 1500/1800 BCE | Ecuador: Valdivia; Peru: Norte Chico (Caral), Buena Vista, Casavilca, Culebras, Ventarrón, Viscachani, Huaca Prieta |
| Period V | 4200 BCE – 2500 BCE | Ecuador: Valdivia; Peru: Honda, Lauricocha III, Viscachani |
| Period IV | 6000 BCE – 4200 BCE | Peru: Ambo, Canario, Siches, Lauricocha II, Luz, Toquepala II |
| Period III | 8000 BCE – 6000 BCE | Ecuador: Las Vegas, 8000–4600 BCE; Peru: Arenal, Chivateros II, Lauricocha I, Playa Chira, Puyenca, Toquepala I |
| Period II | 9500 BCE – 8000 BCE | Ecuador: El Inga; Peru: Chivateros I, Lauricocha I |
| Period I | ? BCE – 9500 BCE | Colombia: El Abra, (12,500–10,000 BCE); Peru: Oquendo, Red Zone (central coast) |
Read more about this topic: Pre-Columbian Cultures
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