Papillon may refer to:
- Papillon (book), a memoir by Henri Charrière about his imprisonment at a penal colony in French Guiana
- Papillon (film), a 1973 film based on the book starring Steve McQueen
- Le Papillon (film) or The Butterfly, a 2002 French film starring Michel Serrault
- Le papillon (ballet), an 1860 ballet
- Le Papillon (restaurant), a French restaurant in San Jose, California
- Papillon (manga), a manga series by Ueda Miwa
- Papillon, a fictional character in the anime series Busou Renkin
- Papillon Airways, an American airline company
- Papillon (TV series), a live action comedy series
- Papillon-Method, a multidimensional principle of data-, information- and knowledge deployment
In animals:
- Papillon (dog), a dog breed
- Papillon (horse), a racehorse, winner of the 2000 Grand National
In music:
- Papillons, a series of dances by Robert Schumann
- Papillon (album), an album by Shimatani Hitomi, or the title song
- "Papillon" (song), a song by Editors
- "Papillon", a song by The Airborne Toxic Event from The Airborne Toxic Event
- "Papillon", a song by Rilo Kiley from The Initial Friend E.P.
- "Papillon", a song by Stratovarius from Elements, Pt. 1
- "Papillon", a song by The Twilight Singers from Blackberry Belle
- "Papillon" aka (Hot Butterfly), a song by Gregg Diamond famously covered by Chaka Khan
- "Papillon", a song by Yiruma from Oasis & Yiruma
- Papillon Records, a British record label