Europe
- England
- - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
- - Barebone's Parliament, 1653-1653
- - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the First Protectorate Parliament of the Commonwealth (December 1653-1658)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
- Parma - Ranuccio II, Duke of Parma (1646–1694)
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
- Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Grand Pensionary of Holland -
- Adriaan Pauw (1631–1636, 1651–1653)
- Johan de Witt (1653–1672)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1653
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“All the terrors of the French Republic, which held Austria in awe, were unable to command her diplomacy. But Napoleon sent to Vienna M. de Narbonne, one of the old noblesse, with the morals, manners, and name of that interest, saying, that it was indispensable to send to the old aristocracy of Europe men of the same connection, which, in fact, constitutes a sort of free- masonry. M. de Narbonne, in less than a fortnight, penetrated all the secrets of the imperial cabinet.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)
“In Europe the object is to make the most of their land, labour being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labour, land being abundant.”
—Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)
“In everyone’s youthful dreams, philosophy is still vaguely but inseparably, and with singular truth, associated with the East, nor do after years discover its local habitation in the Western world. In comparison with the philosophers of the East, we may say that modern Europe has yet given birth to none.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)