List of State Leaders in 1650 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway - Frederick III, King of Denmark and King of Norway(1648–1670)
  • England - Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector (1649–1658), - Rump Parliament (1649–1653)
  • France
    • Monarch - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
    • Regent - Anne of Austria, Regent of France (1643–1651)
  • Papal States - Pope Innocent X, Bishop of Rome (1644–1655)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Bavaria - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1597–1651)
    • Brandenburg - Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
    • Brunswick-Celle - Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Celle (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Kalenberg - George William, Duke of Brunswick-Kalenberg (1648–1665)
    • Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
    • Cologne -
      1. Ferdinand, Elector of Cologne (1612–1650)
      2. Maximilian Henry, Elector of Cologne (1650–1688)
    • Mainz - Johann Philipp, Elector of Mainz (1647–1673)
    • Trier - Philipp Christoph, Elector of Trier (1623–1652)
    • Electorate of the Palatinate - Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine (1648–1680)
    • Saxony - John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611–1656)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Poland - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Russia - Alexis, Tsar of Russia (1645–1676)
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Scotland - Charles II, King of Scots (1649–1651)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain (1621–1665)
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden (1632–1654)
  • Principality of Transylvania - George II Rákóczi, Prince of Transylvania (1648–1657)
  • Tuscany - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1621–1670)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
    • Grand Pensionary of Holland - Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “In Europe the object is to make the most of their land, labour being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labour, land being abundant.”
    —Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826)

    “Europe has lived on its contradictions, flourished on its differences, and, constantly transcending itself thereby, has created a civilization on which the whole world depends even when rejecting it. This is why I do not believe in a Europe unified under the weight of an ideology or of a technocracy that overlooked these differences.”
    —Albert Camus (1913–1960)

    “Is not our role to stand for the one thing which means our own salvation here but with which it will also be possible to save the world, and with which Europe will be able to save itself, namely the preservation of the white man and his state?”
    —Hendrik Verwoerd (1901–1966)