List of State Leaders in 1648 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway -
    1. Christian IV (1588–1648)
    2. Frederick III, King of Denmark and Norway (1648–1670)
    • Duchy of Schleswig -
      1. Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
      2. Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
  • Dutch Republic
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
      • Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
  • England - Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
    • Bremen, Duchy - Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Duchess regnant of Bremen (1648–1654)
    • Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Wolfenbüttel line - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
    • Holstein, Duchy -
      1. Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
      2. Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
    • Verden, Principality - Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Princess regnant of Verden (1648–1654)
  • Ottoman Empire
    1. İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
    2. Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal
  • Russia - Alexis I
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden

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    —Prince Metternich (1773–1859)

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