List of State Leaders in 1648 - Europe

Europe

  • Denmark-Norway -
    1. Christian IV (1588–1648)
    2. Frederick III, King of Denmark and Norway (1648–1670)
    • Duchy of Schleswig -
      1. Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
      2. Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
  • Dutch Republic
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1647–1650)
      • Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
  • England - Charles I, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (1625–1649)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor
    • Bremen, Duchy - Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Duchess regnant of Bremen (1648–1654)
    • Principality of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Wolfenbüttel line - Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1635–1666)
    • Holstein, Duchy -
      1. Christian IV (1588–1648) and Frederick III (1616–1659) in condominial rule
      2. Frederick III (Denmark) (1648–1670) and Frederick III (Gottorp) (1616–1659) in condominial rule
    • Verden, Principality - Christina of Sweden (House of Vasa), Princess regnant of Verden (1648–1654)
  • Ottoman Empire
    1. İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
    2. Mehmet IV, the Hunter, Ottoman Sultan (1648–1687)
  • Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, King of Poland (1648–1668)
  • Portugal - John IV, King of Portugal
  • Russia - Alexis I
  • Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
  • Spain - Philip IV, King of Spain
  • Sweden - Christina, Queen of Sweden

Read more about this topic:  List Of State Leaders In 1648

Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “You can always tell a Midwestern couple in Europe because they will be standing in the middle of a busy intersection looking at a wind-blown map and arguing over which way is west. European cities, with their wandering streets and undisciplined alleys, drive Midwesterners practically insane.”
    —Bill Bryson (b. 1951)

    “In Europe art has to a large degree taken the place of religion. In America it seems rather to be science.”
    —Johan Huizinga (1872–1945)

    “We go to Europe to be Americanized.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)