Europe
- England - Charles I, King of England (1625–1649)
- France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
- Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
- Bavaria - Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (1623–1651)
- Brandenburg - Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg (1640–1688)
- Lorraine - Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (1634–1661)
- Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
- Papal States - Innocent X, Pope (1644–1655)
- Savoy - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)
- United Provinces
- Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
- Stadtholder -
- Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Gelre (1625–1647).
- William II, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Gelre (1647–1650).
- Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 1647
Famous quotes containing the word europe:
“What helps it now, that Byron bore,
With haughty scorn which mock’d the smart,
Through Europe to the Aetolian shore
The pageant of his bleeding heart?
That thousands counted every groan,
And Europe made his woe her own?”
—Matthew Arnold (1822–1888)
“The Federated Republic of Europe—the United States of Europe—that is what must be. National autonomy no longer suffices. Economic evolution demands the abolition of national frontiers. If Europe is to remain split into national groups, then Imperialism will recommence its work. Only a Federated Republic of Europe can give peace to the world.”
—Leon Trotsky (1879–1940)
“Should the German people lay down their arms, the Soviets ... would occupy all eastern and south-eastern Europe together with the greater part of the Reich. Over all this territory, which with the Soviet Union included, would be of enormous extent, an iron curtain would at once descend.”
—Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945)