Kigo - Saijiki

Japanese haiku poets often use a book called a saijiki, which lists kigo with example poems. An entry in a saijiki usually includes a description of the kigo itself, together with a list of similar or related words, and some examples of haiku that include that kigo. The saijiki are divided into the four seasons (and modern saijiki usually include a section for the New Year and another for seasonless (muki) words). Those sections are divided into a standard set of categories, and then the kigo are sorted within their proper category. The most common categories (with some examples of Japanese summer kigo) are:

Summer

  • The Season: midsummer, dog days
  • The Sky and Heavens: drought, rainbow, the Pleiades at dawn
  • The Earth: waterfall, flood, summer field (i.e. the abundance of summer wildflowers)
  • Humanity: midday nap, sushi, sunbathing, nudity, swimming pool
  • Observances: Boys' Day (May 5), A-Bomb Anniversary (August 6)
  • Animals: jellyfish, mosquito, snake, cuckoo
  • Plants: lotus flower, orange blossoms, lily, sunflower

Although haiku are often thought of as poems about nature, two of the seven categories are primarily about human activities (Humanity and Observances).

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