Definite and Indefinite Conjugations
In Hungarian, verbs not only show agreement with their subjects but also carry information on the definiteness of their direct objects. This results in two types of conjugations: definite (used if there is a definite object) and indefinite (if there is no definite object):
| Verb with suffix for present tense, 1st person singular |
Object | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Intransitive verb |
Olvasok (I'm reading) (type 1 - suffix indicating no definite object) |
∅ | |
| Transitive verb |
with an indefinite object |
egy könyvet. (a book) | |
| with a definite object |
Olvasom (type 2 - suffix indicating definite object) |
a könyvet. (the book) | |
Basically, the indefinite conjugation is used if there is no definite object, that is i) if there is no object at all, or ii) if the object is indefinite (see details below). However, exceptionally, the indefinite conjugation is also used if the object is a 1st or 2nd person pronoun, either stated or not (even though personal pronouns are actually definite by nature).
An object is indefinite if it is:
- a noun with no determiner
- a noun with an indefinite article
- a noun with a numeral or an indefinite determiner (e.g. "all, some, no")
- an indefinite pronoun such as "something, anything, everyone" etc.
- an interrogative pronoun
- a relative pronoun
The definite conjugation is used if the verb has a definite object, which can be:
- a noun with a definite article
- a noun with the determiners melyik, hányadik ('which') or mindegyik ('each'); the noun may be omitted in these constructions
- a 3rd person pronoun, either stated or unstated
- a demonstrative pronoun ("this, that")
- the indefinite pronoun mind ('all ')
- a subordinate clause
Note that a special suffix (-lak/-lek) is used if the verb has a first person singular subject AND a second person (singular or plural) object, e.g. Szeretlek. ("I love you." - singular), Szeretlek titeket. ("I love you all." - plural).
Examples:
| Indefinite (látsz) | Definite (látod) |
|---|---|
| You (can) see ∅. You can see something. You can see a book. You can see me/us. (!) You can see some/two (of them). You can't see anything/anyone. You can see everything/everyone. Who/What/how many can you see? The person/book that you can see is... |
You can see the book. You can see this book. You can see him/her/it/them. You can see yourself. You can see Mary. You can see both (books). You can see all (the books). Which (person/book) can you see? You can see (that) I'm here. |
Read more about this topic: Hungarian Verbs
Famous quotes containing the words definite and/or indefinite:
“The artistic temperament is a disease that affects amateurs.... Artists of a large and wholesome vitality get rid of their art easily, as they breathe easily or perspire easily. But in artists of less force, the thing becomes a pressure, and produces a definite pain, which is called the artistic temperament.”
—Gilbert Keith Chesterton (1874–1936)
“There are times when they seem so small! And then again, although they never seem large, there is a vastness behind them, a past of indefinite complexity and marvel, an amazing power of absorbing and assimilating, which forces one to suspect some power in the race so different from our own that one cannot understand that power. And ... whatever doubts or vexations one has in Japan, it is only necessary to ask oneself: “Well, who are the best people to live with?””
—Lafcadio Hearn (1850–1904)