Germanic Spirant Law - General Description

General Description

The law affects the various series of stops in Proto-Indo-European that underwent Grimm's and Verner's law. If these were immediately followed by a t or s, they changed to a voiceless fricative (spirant):

  • /bʰt/, /bt/, /pt/ > /ɸt/
  • /dʰt/, /dt/, /tt/ > /ts(t)/ > /ss/
  • /ɡʰt/, /ɡt/, /kt/ > /xt/
  • /bʰs/, /bs/, /ps/ > /ɸs/
  • /dʰs/, /ds/, /ts/ > /ss/
  • /ɡʰs/, /ɡs/, /ks/ > /xs/

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