Examples
The flammable/explosive limits of some gases and vapors are given below. Concentrations are given in percent by volume of air.
- Class IA liquids (flash point less than 73 °F (22.8 °C); boiling point less than 100 °F (37.8 °C) are NFPA 704 flammability rating 4
- Classes IB (flash point less than 73 °F (22.8 °C); boiling point equal to or greater than 100 °F (37.8 °C)) and IC liquids (flash point equal to or greater than 73 °F (22.8 °C), but less than 100 °F (37.8 °C)) are NFPA 704 flammability rating 3
- Classes II (flash point equal to or greater than 100 °F (37.8 °C), but less than 140 °F (60 °C) and IIIA liquids (flash point equal to or greater than 140 °F (60 °C), but less than 200 °F (93.3 °C)) are NFPA 704 flammability rating 2
- Class IIIB liquids (flash point equal to or greater than 200 °F (93.3 °C) are NFPA 704 flammability rating 1
Substance | LFL/LEL in %
by volume of air |
UFL/UEL in %
by volume of air |
NFPA Class | Flash point | Minimum ignition energy in mJ expressed as percent by volume in air takes the least amount of ignition energy midpoint between the LEL and UEL.) |
Autoignition temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde | 4.0 | 57.0 | IA | -39 °C | 0.37 | 175 °C |
Acetic acid (glacial) | 4 | 19.9 | II | 39 °C to 43 °C | 463 °C | |
Acetic anhydride | II | 54 °C | ||||
Acetone | 2.6–3 | 12.8–13 | IB | -17 °C | 1.15 @ 4.5% | 465 °C, 485 °C |
Acetonitrile | IB | 2 °C | 524 °C | |||
Acetyl chloride | 7.3 | 19 | IB | 5 °C | 390 °C | |
Acetylene | 2.5 | 82 | IA | -18 °C | 0.017 @ 8.5% (in pure oxygen 0.0002 @ 40%) | 305 °C |
Acrolein | 2.8 | 31 | IB | -26 °C | 0.13 | |
Acrylonitrile | 3.0 | 17.0 | IB | 0 °C | 0.16 @ 9.0% | |
Allyl chloride | 2.9 | 11.1 | IB | -32 °C | 0.77 | |
Ammonia | 15 | 28 | IIIB | 11 °C | 680 | 651 °C |
Arsine | 4.5–5.1 | 78 | IA | Flammable gas | ||
Benzene | 1.2 | 7.8 | IB | -11 °C | 0.2 @ 4.7% | 560 °C |
1,3-Butadiene | 2.0 | 12 | IA | -85 °C | 0.13 @ 5.2% | |
Butane, n-butane | 1.6 | 8.4 | IA | -60 °C | 0.25 @ 4.7% | 420–500 °C |
n-Butyl acetate, butyl acetate | 1–1.7 | 8–15 | IB | 24 °C | 370 °C | |
Butyl alcohol, butanol | 1 | 11 | IC | 29 °C | ||
n-Butanol | 1.4 | 11.2 | IC | 35 °C | 340 °C | |
n-Butyl chloride, 1-chlorobutane | 1.8 | 10.1 | IB | -6 °C | 1.24 | |
n-Butyl mercaptan | 1.4 | 10.2 | IB | 2 °C | 225 °C | |
Butyl methyl ketone, 2-hexanone | 1 | 8 | IC | 25 °C | 423 °C | |
Butylene, 1-butylene, 1-butene | 1.98 | 9.65 | IA | -80 °C | ||
Carbon disulfide | 1.0 | 50.0 | IB | -30 °C | 0.009 @ 7.8% | 90 °C |
Carbon monoxide | 12 | 75 | IA | -191 °C Flammable gas | 609 °C | |
Chlorine monoxide | IA | Flammable gas | ||||
1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane | 6.2 | 17.9 | IA | -65 °C Flammable gas | ||
Cyanogen | 6.0–6.6 | 32–42.6 | IA | Flammable gas | ||
Cyclobutane | 1.8 | 11.1 | IA | -63.9 °C | 426.7 °C | |
Cyclohexane | 1.3 | 7.8–8 | IB | -18 °C to -20 °C | 0.22 @ 3.8% | 245 °C |
Cyclohexanol | 1 | 9 | IIIA | 68 °C | 300 °C | |
Cyclohexanone | 1–1.1 | 9–9.4 | II | 43.9–44 °C | 420 °C | |
Cyclopentadiene | IB | 0 °C | 0.67 | 640 °C | ||
Cyclopentane | 1.5–2 | 9.4 | IB | -37 to -38.9 °C | 0.54 | 361 °C |
Cyclopropane | 2.4 | 10.4 | IA | -94.4 °C | 0.17 @ 6.3% | 498 °C |
Decane | 0.8 | 5.4 | II | 46.1 °C | 210 °C | |
Diborane | 0.8 | 88 | IA | -90 °C Flammable gas | 38 °C | |
o-Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene | 2 | 9 | IIIA | 65 °C | 648 °C | |
1,1-Dichloroethane | 6 | 11 | IB | 14 °C | ||
1,2-Dichloroethane | 6 | 16 | IB | 13 °C | 413 °C | |
1,1-Dichloroethene | 6.5 | 15.5 | IA | -10 °C Flammable gas | ||
Dichlorofluoromethane | 54.7 | Non flammable, -36.1 °C | 552 °C | |||
Dichloromethane, methylene chloride | 16 | 66 | Non flammable | |||
Dichlorosilane | 4 - 4.7 | 96 | IA | -28 °C | 0.015 | |
Diesel fuel | 0.6 | 7.5 | IIIA | >62 °C (143 °F) | 210 °C | |
Diethanolamine | 2 | 13 | IB | 169 °C | ||
Diethylamine | 1.8 | 10.1 | IB | -23 to -26 °C | 312 °C | |
Diethyl disulfide | 1.2 | II | 38.9 °C | |||
Diethyl ether | 1.9–2 | 36–48 | IA | -45 °C | 0.19 @ 5.1% | 160–170 °C |
Diethyl sulfide | IB | -10 °C | ||||
1,1-Difluoroethane | 3.7 | 18 | IA | -81.1 °C | ||
1,1-Difluoroethylene | 5.5 | 21.3 | -126.1 °C | |||
Diisobutyl ketone | 1 | 6 | 49 °C | |||
Diisopropyl ether | 1 | 21 | IB | -28 °C | ||
Dimethylamine | 2.8 | 14.4 | IA | Flammable gas | ||
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine | IB | |||||
Dimethyl sulfide | IA | -49 °C | ||||
Dimethyl sulfoxide | 2.6–3 | 42 | IIIB | 88–95 °C | 215 °C | |
1,4-Dioxane | 2 | 22 | IB | 12 °C | ||
Epichlorohydrin | 4 | 21 | 31 °C | |||
Ethane | 3 | 12–12.4 | IA | Flammable gas -135 °C | 515 °C | |
Ethanol, ethyl alcohol | 3–3.3 | 19 | IB | 12.8 °C (55 °F) | 365 °C | |
2-Ethoxyethanol | 3 | 18 | 43 °C | |||
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate | 2 | 8 | 56 °C | |||
Ethyl acetate | 2 | 12 | IA | -4 °C | 460 °C | |
Ethylamine | 3.5 | 14 | IA | -17 °C | ||
Ethylbenzene | 1.0 | 7.1 | 15–20 °C | |||
Ethylene | 2.7 | 36 | IA | 0.07 | 490 °C | |
Ethylene glycol | 3 | 22 | 111 °C | |||
Ethylene oxide | 3 | 100 | IA | −20 °C | ||
Ethyl chloride | 3.8 | 15.4 | IA | −50 °C | ||
Ethyl mercaptan | IA | |||||
Fuel oil No.1 | 0.7 | 5 | ||||
Furan | 2 | 14 | IA | -36 °C | ||
Gasoline (100 octane) | 1.4 | 7.6 | IB | < −40 °C (−40 °F) | 246–280 °C | |
Glycerol | 3 | 19 | 199 °C | |||
Heptane, n-heptane | 1.05 | 6.7 | -4 °C | 0.24 @ 3.4% | 204–215 °C | |
Hexane, n-hexane | 1.1 | 7.5 | -22 °C | 0.24 @ 3.8% | 225 °C, 233 °C | |
Hydrogen | 4 | 75 | IA | Flammable gas | 0.016 @ 28% (in pure oxygen 0.0012) | 500–571 °C |
Hydrogen sulfide | 4.3 | 46 | IA | Flammable gas | 0.068 | |
Isobutane | 1.8 | 9.6 | IA | Flammable gas | 462 °C | |
Isobutyl alcohol | 2 | 11 | 28 °C | |||
Isophorone | 1 | 4 | 84 °C | |||
Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol | 2 | 12 | IB | 12 °C | 398–399 °C; 425 °C | |
Isopropyl chloride | IA | |||||
Kerosene Jet A-1 | 0.6–0.7 | 4.9–5 | II | >38 °C (100 °F) as jet fuel | 210 °C | |
Lithium hydride | IA | |||||
2-Mercaptoethanol | IIIA | |||||
Methane (natural gas) | 4.4–5 | 15–17 | IA | Flammable gas | 0.21 @ 8.5% | 580 °C |
Methyl acetate | 3 | 16 | -10 °C | |||
Methyl alcohol, methanol | 6–6.7 | 36 | IB | 11 °C | 385 °C; 455 °C | |
Methylamine | IA | 8 °C | ||||
Methyl chloride | 10.7 | 17.4 | IA | -46 °C | ||
Methyl ether | IA | −41 °C | ||||
Methyl ethyl ether | IA | |||||
Methyl ethyl ketone | 1.8 | 10 | IB | -6 °C | 505–515 °C | |
Methyl formate | IA | |||||
Methyl mercaptan | 3.9 | 21.8 | IA | -53 °C | ||
Mineral spirits | 0.7 | 6.5 | 38–43 °C | 258 °C | ||
Morpholine | 1.8 | 10.8 | IC | 31–37.7 °C | 310 °C | |
Naphthalene | 0.9 | 5.9 | IIIA | 79–87 °C | ||
Neohexane | 1.19 | 7.58 | −29 °C | 425 °C | ||
Nickel tetracarbonyl | 2 | 34 | 4 °C | 60 °C | ||
Nitrobenzene | 2 | 9 | IIIA | 88 °C | ||
Nitromethane | 7.3 | 22.2 | 35 °C | 379 °C | ||
Octane | 1 | 7 | 13 °C | |||
iso-Octane | 0.79 | 5.94 | ||||
Pentane | 1.5 | 7.8 | IA | -40 to -49 °C | as 2-Pentane 0.18 @ 4.4% | 260 °C |
n-Pentane | 1.4 | 7.8 | IA | 0.28 @ 3.3% | ||
iso-Pentane | 1.32 | 9.16 | IA | 420 °C | ||
Phosphine | IA | |||||
Propane | 2.1 | 9.5–10.1 | IA | Flammable gas | 0.25 @ 5.2% (in pure oxygen 0.0021) | 480 °C |
Propyl acetate | 2 | 8 | 13 °C | |||
Propylene | 2.0 | 11.1 | IA | -108 °C | 0.28 | 458 °C |
Propylene oxide | 2.3 | 36 | IA | |||
Pyridine | 2 | 12 | 20 °C | |||
Silane | 1.5 | 98 | IA | <21 °C | ||
Styrene | 1.1 | 6.1 | IB | 31–32.2 °C | 490 °C | |
Tetrafluoroethylene | IA | |||||
Tetrahydrofuran | 2 | 12 | IB | -14 °C | 321 °C | |
Toluene | 1.2–1.27 | 6.75–7.1 | IB | 4.4 °C | 0.24 @ 4.1% | 480 °C; 535 °C |
Triethylborane | -20 °C | -20 °C | ||||
Trimethylamine | IA | Flammable gas | ||||
Trinitrobenzene | IA | |||||
Turpentine | 0.8 | IC | 35 °C | |||
Vegetable oil | IIIB | 327 °C (620 °F) | ||||
Vinyl acetate | 2.6 | 13.4 | −8 °C | |||
Vinyl chloride | 3.6 | 33 | ||||
Xylenes | 0.9–1.0 | 6.7–7.0 | IC | 27–32 °C | 0.2 | |
m-Xylene | 1.1 | 7 | IC | 25 °C | 525 °C | |
o-Xylene | IC | 17 °C | ||||
p-Xylene | 1.0 | 6.0 | IC | 27.2 °C | 530 °C |
Read more about this topic: Flammability Limit
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