Risks and Side Effects
Long-term effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on mortality and morbidity are so far inconclusive, although adverse effects, including nasopharyngitis (the common cold), headache, nausea, hypersensitivity and skin reactions, have been observed in clinical studies. Consistent with this FDA approval of Novartis' DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin (Galvus®) was delayed because of skin lesions with blistering observed in nonhuman primate toxicology studies; one year later, Novartis CEO Dan Vasella remained uncertain as to their ability to ever file to market the drug in the United States. Other possible adverse effects, including hypersensitivity reactions and pancreatitis, have been reported. These effects may relate to DPP-4's function in restricting the inflammatory actions of the chemokine CCL11/eotaxin, so that inhibiting DPP-4 might unleash the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
Although one in vitro study found that DPP-4 inhibitors, together with GLP-2, increased proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells, which might encourage cancer cells to metastasize, carcinogenicity has not been confirmed in long-term, preclinical studies of the major DPP-4 inhibitors.
Read more about this topic: Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors
Famous quotes containing the words risks, side and/or effects:
“If the children and youth of a nation are afforded opportunity to develop their capacities to the fullest, if they are given the knowledge to understand the world and the wisdom to change it, then the prospects for the future are bright. In contrast, a society which neglects its children, however well it may function in other respects, risks eventual disorganization and demise.”
—Urie Bronfenbrenner (b. 1917)
“Rock of ages, cleft for me,
Let me hide myself in Thee!
Let the Water and the Blood,
From thy riven Side which flow’d,
Be of sin the double cure;
Cleanse me from its guilt and pow’r.”
—Augustus Montague Toplady (1740–1778)
“Trade and commerce, if they were not made of India-rubber, would never manage to bounce over the obstacles which legislators are continually putting in their way; and, if one were to judge these men wholly by the effects of their actions and not partly by their intentions, they would deserve to be classed and punished with those mischievous persons who put obstructions on the railroads.”
—Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862)