The species Demodex canis lives predominantly on the domestic dog, but can occasionally infest humans. Although the majority of infestations are commensal, and therefore subclinical, they can develop into a condition called demodectic mange.
Due to their habitat being deep in the dermis, transmission is only usually possible via prolonged direct contact, such as mother-to-pup transmission during suckling. As a result, the most common sites for early appearance of demodicodic lesions are the face, muzzle, forelimbs and periorbital regions. Demodicosis can manifest as lesions of two types: squamous—which causes dry alopecia and thickening of the skin; and pustular—which is the more severe form, causing secondary infection (usually by Staphylococcus) resulting in the characteristic red, numerous pustules and wrinkling of the skin.
The escalation of a commensal D. canis infestation into one requiring clinical attention usually involves complex immune factors. Demodicosis can follow immunosuppressive conditions or treatments, or may be related to a genetic immune deficiency. This is complicated because Demodex itself is thought to suppress the normal T-lymphocyte response. Also, certain breeds, such as the Dalmatian, appear to be more susceptible.
While direct treatment for severe cases is possible by applying the antiparasitic drug amitraz to the skin, improved nutrition and addressing any possible underlying immune system-suppressing diseases also help. The secondary bacterial infection associated with pustular demodicosis requires treatment with antibiotics.
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