Compile time function execution (or compile-time function evaluation, CTFE) is the ability of a compiler, that would normally compile a function to machine code and execute it at run-time, to execute the function at compile-time. This is possible if the arguments to the function are known at compile time, and the function does not make any reference to or attempt to modify any global state (is a pure function).
Even if the value of only some of the arguments are known, the compiler may still be able to perform some level of compile time function execution (partial evaluation), possibly producing more optimized code than if no arguments were known.
Read more about Compile Time Function Execution: Example
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