Barenboim (Yiddish: בּאַר(ע)נבּױם, Russian: Баренбойм) is a Yiddish variation of German word (surname) Birnbaum, and may refer to:
- Lev (Aronovich) Barenboim (1906, Odessa - 1985), a Jewish Ukrainian-Russian pianist and musicologist
- Isaak (Yulisovich) Barenboim (Russian: Исаак Юлисович Баренбойм; 1910, Ukraine - 1984)
- Daniel Barenboim (Hebrew: דניאל בארנבוים; born 1942), a Jewish Argentine-Israeli pianist and conductor
- 7163 Barenboim, a main-belt minor planet; named for Daniel Barenboim
- Piotr (Davidovich) Barenboim Russian: Петр Давидович Баренбойм; born 1948), a Russian lawyer