Aylmer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Felix Aylmer, English stage actor
- Sir Fenton Aylmer, 13th Baronet, British Army general and Victoria Cross recipient
- Jennifer Aylmer, American operatic soprano
- John Aylmer (bishop)
- John Aylmer (classicist), Greek and Latin poet
- Matthew Aylmer, 1st Baron Aylmer
- Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer
As a forename, it may refer to:
- Aylmer Buesst, Australian conductor
- Aylmer and Louise Maude, English translators
- Aylmer Vallance, Scottish newspaper editor