In The United States
Up until 1948, many real estate deeds in the United States issued by builders of subdivisions included a restrictive covenant that stated property could not be inhabited by members of a certain race. The United States Supreme Court ruled in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) that while such covenants are not strictly speaking illegal, their enforcement by state and federal courts violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution; thus the writing of such covenants became a futile exercise. The Civil Rights Act of 1968, better known as the Fair Housing Act, formally forbade by federal statute not only such covenants on the basis of race, but also religion and other classifications.
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