Anticipatory Thinking - The Systems Approach

The Systems Approach

The systems thinking approach incorporates several tenets:

• Interdependence of objects and their attributes - independent elements can never constitute a system
• Holism - emergent properties not possible to detect by analysis should be possible to define by a holistic approach
• Goal seeking - systemic interaction must result in some goal or final state
• Inputs and Outputs - in a closed system inputs are determined once and constant; in an open system additional inputs are admitted from the environment
• Transformation of inputs into outputs - this is the process by which the goals are obtained
• Entropy - the amount of disorder or randomness present in any system
• Regulation - a method of feedback is necessary for the system to operate predictably
• Hierarchy - complex wholes are made up of smaller subsystems
• Differentiation - specialized units perform specialized functions
• Equifinality - alternative ways of attaining the same objectives (convergence)
• Multifinality - attaining alternative objectives from the same inputs (divergence)

A treatise on systems thinking ought to address many issues including:

• Encapsulation of a system in space and/or in time
• Active and passive systems (or structures)
• Transformation by an activity system of inputs into outputs
• Persistent and transient systems
• Evolution, the effects of time passing, the life histories of systems and their parts.
• Design and designers.

Some examples:

• Rather than trying to improve the braking system on a car by looking in great detail at the material composition of the brake pads (reductionist), the boundary of the braking system may be extended to include the interactions between the:

• brake disks or drums
• brake pedal sensors
• hydraulics
• driver reaction time
• tires
• road conditions
• weather conditions
• time of day

• Using the tenet of "Multifinality", a supermarket could be considered to be:

• a "profit making system" from the perspective of management and owners
• a "distribution system" from the perspective of the suppliers
• an "employment system" from the perspective of employees
• a "materials supply system" from the perspective of customers
• an "entertainment system" from the perspective of loiterers
• a "social system" from the perspective of local residents
• a "dating system" from the perspective of single customers

As a result of such thinking, new insights may be gained into how the supermarket works, why it has problems, how it can be improved or how changes made to one component of the system may impact the other components.