Incumbents
- Emperor – Akihito
- Prime Minister – Taro Aso (Liberal Democratic Party–Fukuoka) until September 16, Yukio Hatoyama (Democratic Party–Hokkaidō)
- Chief Cabinet Secretary: Takeo Kawamura (L–Yamaguchi) until September 16, Hirofumi Hirano (D–Ōsaka)
- Chief Justice of the Supreme Court: Hironobu Takesaki
- President of the House of Representatives: Yōhei Kōno (L–Kanagawa) until July 21, Takahiro Yokomichi (D–Hokkaidō) from September 16
- President of the House of Councillors: Satsuki Eda (D–Okayama)
- Diet sessions: 171st (regular, January 5 to July 21), 172nd (special, September 16 to September 19), 173rd (extraordinary, October 26 to December 4)
Read more about this topic: 2009 In Japan
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