The upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of 19°C, so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above 19°C but not at lower temperatures. Examples at higher temperatures are the aniline-water system at 168°C (at pressures high enough for liquid water to exist at that temperature), and the lead-zinc system at 798°C (a temperature where both metals are liquid).
A solid state example is the palladium-hydrogen system which has a solid solution phase (H2 in Pd) in equilibrium with a hydride phase (PdHn) below the UCST at 300°C. Above this temperature there is a single solid solution phase.
In the phase diagram of the mixture components, the UCST is the shared maximum of the concave down spinodal and binodal (or coexistence) curves. The UCST is in general dependent on pressure.
The phase separation at the UCST is in general driven by unfavorable energetics; in particular, interactions between components favor a partially demixed state.
Read more about Upper Critical Solution Temperature: Polymer-solvent Mixtures, See Also
Famous quotes containing the words upper, critical, solution and/or temperature:
“Give me the islands of the upper air,
all mountains
and the towering mountain trees.”
—Hilda Doolittle (1886–1961)
“Much of what contrives to create critical moments in parenting stems from a fundamental misunderstanding as to what the child is capable of at any given age. If a parent misjudges a child’s limitations as well as his own abilities, the potential exists for unreasonable expectations, frustration, disappointment and an unrealistic belief that what the child really needs is to be punished.”
—Lawrence Balter (20th century)
“Any solution to a problem changes the problem.”
—R.W. (Richard William)
“The bourgeois treasures nothing more highly than the self.... And so at the cost of intensity he achieves his own preservation and security. His harvest is a quiet mind which he prefers to being possessed by God, as he prefers comfort to pleasure, convenience to liberty, and a pleasant temperature to that deathly inner consuming fire.”
—Hermann Hesse (1877–1962)