Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha

Identifiers Symbols TNF; DIF; TNF-alpha; TNFA; TNFSF2 External IDs OMIM: 191160 MGI: 104798 HomoloGene: 496 ChEMBL: 1825 GeneCards: TNF Gene

Gene Ontology
Molecular function protease binding
cytokine activity
tumor necrosis factor receptor binding
protein binding
identical protein binding
transcription regulatory region DNA binding
Cellular component phagocytic cup
extracellular space
plasma membrane
integral to plasma membrane
external side of plasma membrane
cell surface
membrane raft
recycling endosome
Biological process protein import into nucleus, translocation
negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
MAPK cascade
activation of MAPKKK activity
activation of MAPK activity
response to hypoxia
cell activation
positive regulation of cytokine production
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
negative regulation of L-glutamate transport
chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response
positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus
positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin
skeletal muscle contraction
glucose metabolic process
apoptotic process
anti-apoptosis
induction of apoptosis
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
transformed cell apoptotic process
inflammatory response
humoral immune response
JNK cascade
negative regulation of cell proliferation
induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors
response to mechanical stimulus
response to virus
response to salt stress
organ morphogenesis
negative regulation of gene expression
negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity
negative regulation of lipid storage
positive regulation of necrotic cell death
response to activity
calcium-mediated signaling
extracellular matrix organization
osteoclast differentiation
sequestering of triglyceride
positive regulation of protein complex assembly
positive regulation of fever generation
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway
negative regulation of interleukin-6 production
positive regulation of chemokine production
positive regulation of interferon-gamma production
positive regulation of interleukin-6 production
receptor biosynthetic process
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway
positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion
positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus
response to drug
positive regulation of apoptotic process
negative regulation of apoptotic process
positive regulation of programmed cell death
regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
positive regulation of protein complex disassembly
positive regulation of MAP kinase activity
protein kinase B signaling cascade
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process
negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host
negative regulation of viral genome replication
positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process
positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation
positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation
positive regulation of mitosis
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter
positive regulation of translational initiation by iron
negative regulation of glucose import
positive regulation of JNK cascade
embryonic digestive tract development
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation
positive regulation of cytokine secretion
regulation of insulin secretion
positive regulation of synaptic transmission
defense response to Gram-positive bacterium
leukocyte tethering or rolling
negative regulation of lipid catabolic process
regulation of immunoglobulin secretion
positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis
positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity
positive regulation of protein transport
response to glucocorticoid stimulus
positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus
positive regulation of hair follicle development
positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade
induction of necroptosis by extracellular signals
positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process
positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity
epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis
negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis
necrotic cell death
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
cellular response to amino acid stimulus
cellular response to nicotine
cellular response to organic cyclic compound
positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration
positive regulation of podosome assembly
extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway
positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface
positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 7124 21926 Ensembl ENSG00000204490 ENSMUSG00000024401 UniProt P01375 P06804 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000594.3 NM_013693.2 RefSeq (protein) NP_000585.2 NP_038721.1 Location (UCSC) Chr 6:
31.54 – 31.55 Mb Chr 17:
35.2 – 35.2 Mb PubMed search

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin, and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages (M1), although it can be produced by other cell types as well like CD4+ lymphocytes and NK cells.

The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce sepsis (through IL1 & IL6 production), to induce cachexia, induce inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While still controversial, studies of depression and IBD are currently being linked by TNF levels. Recombinant TNF is used as an immunostimulant under the INN tasonermin. Tumor necrosis factor-α can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.

Read more about Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha:  Discovery, Gene, Structure, Cell Signaling, Enzyme Regulation, Physiology, Pharmacology, Interactions, Issues With Nomenclature