Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Gene Ontology | |
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Molecular function | • protease binding • cytokine activity • tumor necrosis factor receptor binding • protein binding • identical protein binding • transcription regulatory region DNA binding |
Cellular component | • phagocytic cup • extracellular space • plasma membrane • integral to plasma membrane • external side of plasma membrane • cell surface • membrane raft • recycling endosome |
Biological process | • protein import into nucleus, translocation • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • MAPK cascade • activation of MAPKKK activity • activation of MAPK activity • response to hypoxia • cell activation • positive regulation of cytokine production • positive regulation of protein phosphorylation • negative regulation of L-glutamate transport • chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus • negative regulation of cytokine secretion involved in immune response • positive regulation of chronic inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus • positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin • skeletal muscle contraction • glucose metabolic process • apoptotic process • anti-apoptosis • induction of apoptosis • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • transformed cell apoptotic process • inflammatory response • humoral immune response • JNK cascade • negative regulation of cell proliferation • induction of apoptosis by extracellular signals • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors • response to mechanical stimulus • response to virus • response to salt stress • organ morphogenesis • negative regulation of gene expression • negative regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity • negative regulation of lipid storage • positive regulation of necrotic cell death • response to activity • calcium-mediated signaling • extracellular matrix organization • osteoclast differentiation • sequestering of triglyceride • positive regulation of protein complex assembly • positive regulation of fever generation • lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway • negative regulation of interleukin-6 production • positive regulation of chemokine production • positive regulation of interferon-gamma production • positive regulation of interleukin-6 production • receptor biosynthetic process • positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation • tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway • positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion • positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus • response to drug • positive regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of apoptotic process • positive regulation of programmed cell death • regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade • positive regulation of protein complex disassembly • positive regulation of MAP kinase activity • protein kinase B signaling cascade • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process • negative regulation of growth of symbiont in host • negative regulation of viral genome replication • positive regulation of chemokine biosynthetic process • positive regulation of interleukin-8 biosynthetic process • positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process • negative regulation of fat cell differentiation • negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation • positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation • positive regulation of mitosis • negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • positive regulation of translational initiation by iron • negative regulation of glucose import • positive regulation of JNK cascade • embryonic digestive tract development • positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation • positive regulation of cytokine secretion • regulation of insulin secretion • positive regulation of synaptic transmission • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium • leukocyte tethering or rolling • negative regulation of lipid catabolic process • regulation of immunoglobulin secretion • positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity • positive regulation of protein transport • response to glucocorticoid stimulus • positive regulation of NFAT protein import into nucleus • positive regulation of hair follicle development • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade • induction of necroptosis by extracellular signals • positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process • positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity • epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis • regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis • negative regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis • necrotic cell death • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • cellular response to amino acid stimulus • cellular response to nicotine • cellular response to organic cyclic compound • positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration • positive regulation of podosome assembly • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway • positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface • positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production |
Sources: Amigo / QuickGO |
31.54 – 31.55 Mb
35.2 – 35.2 Mb
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin, and formerly known as tumor necrosis factor-alpha or TNF-α) is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase reaction. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages (M1), although it can be produced by other cell types as well like CD4+ lymphocytes and NK cells.
The primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells. TNF, being an endogenous pyrogen, is able to induce fever, to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce sepsis (through IL1 & IL6 production), to induce cachexia, induce inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication. Dysregulation of TNF production has been implicated in a variety of human diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, cancer, major depression, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While still controversial, studies of depression and IBD are currently being linked by TNF levels. Recombinant TNF is used as an immunostimulant under the INN tasonermin. Tumor necrosis factor-α can be produced ectopically in the setting of malignancy and parallels parathyroid hormone both in causing secondary hypercalcemia and in the cancers with which excessive production is associated.
Read more about Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Discovery, Gene, Structure, Cell Signaling, Enzyme Regulation, Physiology, Pharmacology, Interactions, Issues With Nomenclature