Tonogenesis
Hainan Cham tones correspond to various Proto-Chamic sounds.
| Tone value (Hainan Cham) |
Type of tone (Hainan Cham) |
Proto-Chamic final sound |
|---|---|---|
| 55 | High | *-h, *-s; PAN *-q |
| 42 | Falling | *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ; *-ay Voiced final: default |
| 24 | Rising | *-p, *-t, *-k, *-c, *-ʔ; *-ay Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate initial |
| 11 | Low | Vowels and nasals Voiced final: default |
| 33 | Mid | Vowels and nasals Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate initial |
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