Criticism
The concept of symbolic racism is not without its critics. "Hurwitz and Peffley 1998; Sniderman, Crosby, and Howell 2000; Sniderman and Piazza 1993; Sniderman and Tetlock 1986a, 1986b" all find flaws in the theory, please see Taman and Sears (2004). Sniderman and Tetlock, for example, find several flaws to the reasoning of this categorization. Among these are crtitiques of "major inconsistencies in the operationalization of the construct" and "the tendency to pose a very restrictive conception of self-interest as the major explanatory alternative to symbolic racism interpretations of policy preferences."
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