Approximate Specific Stiffness For Various Materials
| Material | Young's modulus in GPa | Density in g/cm3 | Young's modulus over density in 106 m2s−2 | Young's modulus over density squared in 103 m5kg−1s−2 | Young's modulus over density cubed in m8kg−2s−2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rubber (small strain) | 69985500000000000000.055±0.045 | 70001055099999000001.055±0.145 | 69985900000000000000.059±0.051 | 69986345000000000000.06345±0.05655 | 69986790000000000000.0679±0.0621 |
| Low density polyethylene | 69992000000000000000.2 | 69999250000000000000.925±0.015 | 69992150000000000000.215±0.005 | 69992350000000000000.235±0.005 | 69992550000000000000.255±0.015 |
| PTFE (Teflon) | 69995000000000000000.5 | 70002200000000000002.2 | 69992300000000000000.23 | 69991000000000000000.10 | 69984700000000000000.047 |
| HDPE | 69998000000000000000.8 | 69999500000000000000.95 | 69998400000000000000.84 | 69998900000000000000.89 | 69999300000000000000.93 |
| Polypropylene | 70001200000000000001.2±0.3 | 69999000000000000000.9 | 70001330000000000001.33±0.33 | 70001480000000000001.48±0.37 | 70001650000000000001.65±0.41 |
| Polyethylene terephthalate | 70002350000000000002.35±0.35 | 70001412500000000001.4125±0.0425 | 70001700000000000001.7±0.3 | 70001170000000000001.17±0.23 | 69998750000000000000.875±0.225 |
| Nylon | 70003000000000000003.0±1.0 | 70001150000000999991.15 | 70002600000000000002.6±0.9 | 70002250000000000002.25±0.75 | 70001950000000000001.95±0.65 |
| Polystyrene | 70003250000000000003.25±0.25 | 70001050000000000001.05 | 70003100000000000003.1±0.2 | 70002950000000000002.95±0.25 | 70002800000000999992.8±0.2 |
| Biaxially-oriented Polypropylene | 70003200000000000003.2±1.0 | 69999000000000000000.9 | 70003560000000000003.56±1.11 | 70003950000000000003.95±1.23 | 70004390000000999994.39±1.37 |
| Medium-density fibreboard | 70004000000000000004 | 69997500000000000000.75 | 70005300000000000005.3 | 70007100000000000007.1 | 70009500000000000009.5 |
| Copper (Cu) | 7002117000000000000117 | 70008940000000000008.94 | 700113000000000000013 | 70001500000000000001.5 | 69991600000000000000.16 |
| Brass and bronze | 7002112500000000000112.5±12.5 | 70008565099999000008.565±0.165 | 700113000000000000013.0±2.0 | 70001550000000000001.55±0.25 | 69991800000000000000.18±0.03 |
| Oak wood (along grain) | 700111000000000000011 | 69997600000000000000.76±0.17 | 700115500000000000015.5±3.5 | 700122500000000000022.5±9.5 | 700134000000000000034.0±20.0 |
| Concrete (under compression) | 700140000000000000040±10 | 70002400000000000002.4 | 700117000000000000017±4 | 70006950000000000006.95±1.75 | 70002900000000000002.9±0.7 |
| Average lightweight Balsa | 70002300000000999992.3 | 69991100000000000000.11 | 700121000000000000021 | 7002190000000000000190 | 70031700000000000001,700 |
| "Unreal Stiff" lightweight Balsa | 70001670000000000001.67 | 69988000000000000000.08 | 700121000000000000021 | 7002260000000000000260 | 70033200000000000003,200 |
| Tungsten (W) | 7002400000000000000400 | 700119250000000000019.25 | 700121000000000000021 | 70001100000000000001.1 | 69985600000000000000.056 |
| Osmium (Os) | 7002550000000000000550 | 700122590000000000022.59 | 700124000000000000024 | 70001100000000000001.1 | 69984800000000000000.048 |
| Wrought iron | 7002200000000000000200±10 | 70007700000000000007.7±0.2 | 700126000000000000026±2 | 70003350000000000003.35±0.35 | 69994450000000000000.445±0.055 |
| Glass-reinforced plastic | 700131650000000000031.65±14.45 | 70001800000000000001.8 | 700118000000000000018±8 | 70009650000000000009.65±4.35 | 70005400000000000005.4±2.5 |
| Pine wood | 70008962900000999998.963 | 69995050000000000000.505±0.155 | 700120000000000000020±6 | 700147000000000000047±26 | 7002120000000000000120±89 |
| Sitka spruce green | 70008700000000999998.7±0.7 | 69993700000000000000.37 | 700123500000000000023.5±2 | 700164000000000000064±5 | 7002172000000000000172±13 |
| Steel | 7002200000000000000200 | 70007900000000000007.9±0.15 | 700125000000000000025±0.5 | 70003200000000000003.2±0.1 | 69994100099999000000.41±0.02 |
| Magnesium metal (Mg) | 700145000000000000045 | 70001738000000000001.738 | 700126000000000000026 | 700115000000000000015 | 70008600000000000008.6 |
| Aluminium | 700169000000000000069 | 70002700000000000002.7 | 700126000000000000026 | 70009500000000000009.5 | 70003500000000000003.5 |
| Titanium alloys | 7002112500000000000112.5±7.5 | 70004500000000000004.5 | 700125000000000000025±2 | 70005550000000000005.55±0.35 | 70001230000000000001.23±0.08 |
| Sitka spruce dry | 700110400000000000010.4±0.8 | 69994000000000000000.4 | 700126000000000000026±2 | 700165000000000000065±5 | 7002162000000000000162±12 |
| Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate) | 700183000000000000083 | 70002800000000999992.8 | 700130000000000000030 | 700111000000000000011 | 70003800000000000003.8 |
| E-Glass fiber | 700181000000000000081 | 70002620000000000002.62 | 700131000000000000031 | 700112000000000000012 | 70004500000000000004.5 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 7002329000000000000329 | 700110280999990000010.28 | 700132000000000000032 | 70003100000000000003.1 | 69993000000000000000.30 |
| Basalt fiber | 700189000000000000089 | 70002700000000000002.7 | 700133000000000000033 | 700112000000000000012 | 70004500000000000004.5 |
| S-Glass fiber | 700189000000000000089 | 70002500000000000002.5 | 700136000000000000036 | 700114000000000000014 | 70005700000000000005.7 |
| Glass | 700170000000000000070±20 | 70002600000000000002.6±0.2 | 700128000000000000028±10 | 700111200000000000011.2±4.8 | 70004400000000000004.4±2.1 |
| single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) | 7002200000000000000200 | 70005170000000000005.17 | 700139000000000000039 | 70007500000000000007.5 | 70001400000000999991.4 |
| Tungsten carbide (WC) | 7002550000000000000550±100 | 700115800000000000015.8 | 700134500000000000034.5±6.5 | 70002200000000000002.2±0.4 | 69991350000000000000.135±0.025 |
| Flax fiber | 700145000000000000045±34 | 70001350000000000001.35±0.15 | 700136650000000000036.65±29.35 | 700130000000000000030±25 | 700125000000000000025±21 |
| Jute fiber (tension) | 700155500000000000055.5 | 70001300000000000001.3 | 700142700000000000042.7 | 700132800999990000032.8 | 700125300000000000025.3 |
| Kevlar 29 (tensile only) | 700170500000000000070.5 | 70001440000000000001.44 | 700149000000000000049 | 700134000000000000034 | 700124000000000000024 |
| Dyneema SK25 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (tensile only) | 700152000000000000052 | 69999700000000000000.97 | 700154000000000000054 | 700155000000000000055 | 700157000000000000057 |
| Kevlar 49 (tensile only) | 7002112400000000000112.4 | 70001440000000000001.44 | 700178000000000000078 | 700154000000000000054 | 700138000000000000038 |
| Silicon | 7002185000000000000185 | 70002329000000000002.329 | 700179000000000000079 | 700134000000000000034 | 700115000000000000015 |
| Alumina fiber (Al2O3) | 7002300000000000000300 | 70003595000000000003.595±0.315 | 700184000000000000084±7 | 700124000000000000024±4 | 70006760000000000006.76±1.74 |
| Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (70/30 fibre/matrix, unidirectional, along grain) | 7002181000000000000181 | 70001600000000000001.6 | 7002113000000000000113 | 700171000000000000071 | 700144000000000000044 |
| Dyneema SK78/Honeywell Spectra 2000 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (tensile only) | 7002121000000000000121±11 | 69999700000000000000.97 | 7002125000000000000125±11 | 7002128000000000000128±12 | 7002132000000000000132±12 |
| Silicon carbide (SiC) | 7002450000000000000450 | 70003210000000000003.21 | 7002140000000000000140 | 700144000000000000044 | 700114000000000000014 |
| Beryllium (Be) | 7002287000000000000287 | 70001850000000000001.85 | 7002155000000000000155 | 700184000000000000084 | 700145000000000000045 |
| Boron fiber | 7002400000000000000400 | 70002540000000000002.54 | 7002157000000000000157 | 700162000000000000062 | 700124000000000000024 |
| Diamond (C) | 70031220000000000001,220 | 70003530000000000003.53 | 7002346000000000000346 | 700198000000000000098 | 700128000000000000028 |
| Dupont E130 carbon fiber | 7002896000000000000896 | 70002150000000000002.15 | 7002417000000000000417 | 7002194000000000000194 | 700190000000000000090 |
| Species | Young's modulus in GPa | Density in g/cm3 | Young's modulus over density in 106 m2s−2 | Young's modulus over density squared in 103 m5kg−1s−2 | Young's modulus over density cubed in m8kg−2s−2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Applewood or wild apple (Pyrus malus ) | 70008767150000000008.76715 | 69997450000000000000.745 | 700111768000000000011.768 | 700115795900000000015.7959 | 700121202600000000021.2026 |
| Ash, black (Fraxinus nigra ) | 700111042300009999911.0423 | 69995260000000000000.526 | 700120992899990000020.9929 | 700139910500000000039.9105 | 700175875500000000075.8755 |
| Ash, blue (quadrangulata ) | 70009649740000000009.64974 | 69996030000000000000.603 | 700116002900000000016.0029 | 700126538800009999926.5388 | 700144011300000000044.0113 |
| Ash, green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata ) | 700111473800000000011.4738 | 69996100000000000000.610 | 700118809500000000018.8095 | 700130835200000000030.8352 | 700150549500000000050.5495 |
| Ash, white (Fraxinus americana ) | 700112248500000000012.2485 | 69996380000000000000.638 | 700119198300000000019.1983 | 700130091400000000030.0914 | 700147165100000000047.1651 |
| Aspen (Populus tremuloides ) | 70008217969999999998.21797 | 69994010000000000000.401 | 700120493700000000020.4937 | 700151106500000000051.1065 | 7002127448000000000127.448 |
| Aspen, large tooth (PopuIus grandidentata ) | 70009767420000000009.76742 | 69994120000000000000.412 | 700123707300000000023.7073 | 700157542100000000057.5421 | 7002139665000099999139.665 |
| Basswood (Tilia glabra or Tilia americanus ) | 700110091999990000010.091 | 69993980000000000000.398 | 700125354400009999925.3544 | 700163704500000000063.7045 | 7002160061000000000160.061 |
| Beech (Fagus grandifolia or Fagus americana ) | 700111571800000000011.5718 | 69996550000000000000.655 | 700117666899999999917.6669 | 700126972400000000026.9724 | 700141179300000000041.1793 |
| Beech, blue (Carpinus caroliniana ) | 70007374600000000007.3746 | 69997170000000000000.717 | 700110285399999999910.2854 | 700114345000000000014.345 | 700120007000000000020.007 |
| Birch, gray (Betula populifolia ) | 70007815900000000007.8159 | 69995520000000000000.552 | 700114159200000000014.1592 | 700125650800000000025.6508 | 700146468800000000046.4688 |
| Birch, paper (Betula papyrifera ) | 700110973600000000010.9736 | 69996000000000000000.600 | 700118289400000000018.2894 | 700130482300000000030.4823 | 700150803900000000050.8039 |
| Birch, sweet (Betula lenta ) | 700114906100000000014.9061 | 69997140000000000000.714 | 700120876900000000020.8769 | 700129239400000000029.2394 | 700140951500000000040.9515 |
| Buckeye, yellow (Aesculus octandra ) | 70008129709999999998.12971 | 69993830000000000000.383 | 700121226400000000021.2264 | 700155421400000000055.4214 | 7002144703000000000144.703 |
| Butternut (Juglans cinerea ) | 70008139519999999998.13952 | 69994040000000000000.404 | 700120147300000000020.1473 | 700149869600000000049.8696 | 7002123440000000000123.44 |
| Cedar, eastern red (Juniperus virginiana ) | 70006001670000000006.00167 | 69994920000000000000.492 | 700112198500000000012.1985 | 700124793700000000024.7937 | 700150393800000000050.3938 |
| Cedar, northern white (Thuja occidentalis ) | 70005570180000999995.57018 | 69993150000000000000.315 | 700117683100000000017.6831 | 700156136800000000056.1368 | 7002178212000000000178.212 |
| Cedar, southern white (Chamaecyparis thvoides ) | 70006423360000000006.42336 | 69993520000000000000.352 | 700118248200000000018.2482 | 700151841400000000051.8414 | 7002147276999900000147.277 |
| Cedar, western red (Thuja plicata ) | 70008031650000000008.03165 | 69993440099999000000.344 | 700123347800000000023.3478 | 700167871500000000067.8715 | 7002197300999900000197.301 |
| Cherry, black (Prunus serotina ) | 700110257800000000010.2578 | 69995340000000000000.534 | 700119209300000000019.2093 | 700135972400000000035.9724 | 700167364099999999967.3641 |
| Cherry, wild red (Prunus pennsylvanica ) | 70008747530000999998.74753 | 69994250000000000000.425 | 700120582400000000020.5824 | 700148429200000000048.4292 | 7002113951000000000113.951 |
| Chestnut (Castanea dentata ) | 70008531790000000008.53179 | 69994540000000000000.454 | 700118792500000000018.7925 | 700141393099990000041.3931 | 700191174300000000091.1743 |
| Cottonwood, eastern (Populus deltoides ) | 70009532060000000009.53206 | 69994330000000000000.433 | 700122014000000000022.014 | 700150840700000000050.8407 | 7002117415000000000117.415 |
| Cypress, southern (Taxodium distichum ) | 70009904720000999999.90472 | 69994820000000000000.482 | 700120549200000000020.5492 | 700142633200000000042.6332 | 700188450600000000088.4506 |
| Dogwood (flowering) (Cornus florida ) | 700110640200000000010.6402 | 69997960000000000000.796 | 700113367100000000013.3671 | 700116792800000000016.7928 | 700121096500000000021.0965 |
| Douglas fir (coast type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia ) | 700113307600000000013.3076 | 69995120000000000000.512 | 700125991500000000025.9915 | 700150764600000000050.7646 | 700199149500000000099.1495 |
| Douglas fir (mountain type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia ) | 70009620320000000009.62032 | 69994460000000000000.446 | 700121570200000000021.5702 | 700148363700000000048.3637 | 7002108439000000000108.439 |
| Ebony, Andaman marble-wood (India) (Diospyros kursii ) | 700112454400000000012.4544 | 69999780000000000000.978 | 700112734600000000012.7346 | 700113021100000000013.0211 | 700113314000000000013.314 |
| Ebony, Ebè marbre (Maritius, E. Africa) (Diospyros melanida ) | 70009875300000999999.8753 | 69997680000000000000.768 | 700112858500000000012.8585 | 700116742800000000016.7428 | 700121800500000000021.8005 |
| Elm, American (Ulmus americana ) | 70009296700000000009.2967 | 69995540000000000000.554 | 700116781099990000016.7811 | 700130290700000000030.2907 | 700154676400000000054.6764 |
| Elm, rock (Ulmus racemosa or Ulmus thomasi ) | 700110650000000000010.65 | 69996580000000000000.658 | 700116185400000000016.1854 | 700124597900000000024.5979 | 700137382900000000037.3829 |
| Elm, slippery (Ulmus fulva or pubescens ) | 700110297000000000010.297 | 69995679999999000000.568 | 700118128500000000018.1285 | 700131916400000000031.9164 | 700156190800000000056.1908 |
| Eucalyptus, Karri (W. Australia) (Eucalyptus diversicolor ) | 700118485499999999918.4855 | 69998290000000000000.829 | 700122298600000000022.2986 | 700126898200000000026.8982 | 700132446500000000032.4465 |
| Eucalyptus, Mahogany (New South Wales)(Eucalyptus hemilampra) | 700115769100000000015.7691 | 70001058000000000001.058 | 700114904600000000014.9046 | 700114087500000000014.0875 | 700113315300000000013.3153 |
| Eucalyptus, West Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginata ) | 700114337300000000014.3373 | 69997870000000000000.787 | 700118217700000000018.2177 | 700123148300000000023.1483 | 700129413300000000029.4133 |
| Fir, balsam (Abies balsamea) | 70008620050000000008.62005 | 69994140000000000000.414 | 700120821400000000020.8214 | 700150293200000000050.2932 | 7002121481000000000121.481 |
| Fir, silver (Abies amabilis ) | 700110552000000000010.552 | 69994150000000000000.415 | 700125426400000000025.4264 | 700161268400000000061.2684 | 7002147635000000000147.635 |
| Gum, black (Nyssa sylvatica ) | 70008227779999999998.22778 | 69995520000000000000.552 | 700114905400000000014.9054 | 700127002500000000027.0025 | 700148917600000000048.9176 |
| Gum, blue (Eucalyptus globulus ) | 700116504600000000016.5046 | 69997960000000000000.796 | 700120734400000000020.7344 | 700126048300000000026.0483 | 700132723900000000032.7239 |
| Gum, red (Liquidambar styraciflua ) | 700110247900000000010.2479 | 69995300000000000000.530 | 700119335800000000019.3358 | 700136482600000000036.4826 | 700168835999999999968.835 |
| Gum, tupelo (Nyssa aquatica ) | 70008718110000999998.71811 | 69995240000000000000.524 | 700116637600000000016.6376 | 700131751200000000031.7512 | 700160593900000000060.5939 |
| Hemlock eastern (Tsuga canadensis ) | 70008296430000000008.29643 | 69994310000000000000.431 | 700119249199999999919.2492 | 700144661800000000044.6618 | 7002103624000000000103.624 |
| Hemlock, mountain (Tsuga martensiana ) | 70007815900000000007.8159 | 69994800000000000000.480 | 700116283100000000016.2831 | 700133923200000000033.9232 | 700170673300000000070.6733 |
| Hemlock, western (Tsuga heterophylla ) | 70009953750000000009.95375 | 69994320000000000000.432 | 700123041100000000023.0411 | 700153335900000000053.3359 | 7002123463000000000123.463 |
| Hickory, bigleaf shagbark (Hicoria laciniosa ) | 700113091900000000013.0919 | 69998090000000000000.809 | 700116182800000000016.1828 | 700120003400000000020.0034 | 700124726100000000024.7261 |
| Hickory, mockernut (Hicoria alba ) | 700115396400000000015.3964 | 69998200099999000000.820 | 700118776100000000018.7761 | 700122897700000000022.8977 | 700127924100000000027.9241 |
| Hickory, pignut (Hicoria glabra ) | 700115720100000000015.7201 | 69998200099999000000.820 | 700119170800000000019.1708 | 700123379000000000023.379 | 700128511000000000028.511 |
| Hickory, shagbark (Hicoria ovata ) | 700114955100000000014.9551 | 69998360000000000000.836 | 700117888900000000017.8889 | 700121398200000000021.3982 | 700125596000000000025.596 |
| Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana ) | 700111758200000000011.7582 | 69997620000000000000.762 | 700115430700000000015.4307 | 700120250200000000020.2502 | 700126575100000000026.5751 |
| Ironwood, black (Rhamnidium ferreum ) | 700120594000000000020.594 | 3000776999999999999−-2.377000 | 700117480000000000017.48±1.64 | 700114970000000000014.97±2.78 | 700112930000000000012.93±3.56 |
| Larch, western (Larix occidentalis ) | 700111650300000000011.6503 | 69995870000000000000.587 | 700119847200000000019.8472 | 700133811200000000033.8112 | 700157600000000000057.6 |
| Locust, black or yellow (Robinia pseudacacia ) | 700114200000000000014.2 | 69997080000000000000.708 | 700120056500000000020.0565 | 700128328400000000028.3284 | 700140011899990000040.0119 |
| Locust honey (Gleditsia triacanthos ) | 700111424700000000011.4247 | 69996660000000000000.666 | 700117154300000000017.1543 | 700125757200000000025.7572 | 700138674400000000038.6744 |
| Magnolia, cucumber (Magnolia acuminata ) | 700112513300009999912.5133 | 69995160000000000000.516 | 700124250600000000024.2506 | 700146997200000000046.9972 | 700191079800000000091.0798 |
| Mahogany (W. Africa) (Khaya ivorensis ) | 700110581400000000010.5814 | 69996680000000000000.668 | 700115840400000000015.8404 | 700123713100000000023.7131 | 700135498700000000035.4987 |
| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia macrophylla ) | 70008012029999999998.01203 | 69995400000000000000.54 | 700114837100000000014.8371 | 700127476100000000027.4761 | 700150881700000000050.8817 |
| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia mahogani ) | 70008727920000999998.72792 | 69995400000000000000.54 | 700116162800000000016.1628 | 700129931100000000029.9311 | 700155428000000000055.428 |
| Maple, black (Acer nigrum ) | 700111189400009999911.1894 | 69996200000000000000.620 | 700118047400000000018.0474 | 700129108700000000029.1087 | 700146949500000000046.9495 |
| Maple, red (Acer rubrum ) | 700111326700000000011.3267 | 69995460000000000000.546 | 700120744800000000020.7448 | 700137994200000000037.9942 | 700169586500000000069.5865 |
| Maple, silver (Acer saccharinum ) | 70007894350000000007.89435 | 69995060000000000000.506 | 700115601500000000015.6015 | 700130833000000000030.833 | 700160934700000000060.9347 |
| Maple, sugar (Acer saccharum ) | 700112650600000000012.6506 | 69996760000000000000.676 | 700118713900000000018.7139 | 700127683200000000027.6832 | 700140951500000000040.9515 |
| Oak, black (Quercus velutina ) | 700111307100000000011.3071 | 69996690000000000000.669 | 700116901400000000016.9014 | 700125263700000000025.2637 | 700137763399990000037.7634 |
| Oak, bur (Quercus macrocarpa ) | 70007090210000000007.09021 | 69996710000000000000.671 | 700110566599990000010.5666 | 700115747600000000015.7476 | 700123468800000000023.4688 |
| Oak, canyon live (Quercus chrysolepis ) | 700111267800000000011.2678 | 69998380000000000000.838 | 700113446100000000013.4461 | 700116045500000000016.0455 | 700119147300000000019.1473 |
| Oak, laurel (Quercus montana ) | 700110924600000000010.9246 | 69996740000000000000.674 | 700116208600000000016.2086 | 700124048400000000024.0484 | 700135680100000000035.6801 |
| Oak, live (Quercus virginiana ) | 700113543000000000013.543 | 69999770000000000000.977 | 700113861800000000013.8618 | 700114188100000000014.1881 | 700114522100000000014.5221 |
| Oak, post (Quercus stellata or Quercus minor ) | 700110424500000000010.4245 | 69997380000000000000.738 | 700114125300000000014.1253 | 700119140000000000019.14 | 700125934900000000025.9349 |
| Oak, red (Quercus borealis ) | 700112493700000000012.4937 | 69996570000000000000.657 | 700119016200000000019.0162 | 700128944100000000028.9441 | 700144054900000000044.0549 |
| Oak, swamp chestnut (Quercus montana (Quercus prinus) ) | 700112228900000000012.2289 | 69997560000000000000.756 | 700116175800000000016.1758 | 700121396500000000021.3965 | 700128302300000000028.3023 |
| Oak swamp white (Quercus bicolor or Quercus platanoides ) | 700114180400000000014.1804 | 69997920000000000000.792 | 700117904599990000017.9046 | 700122606800000000022.6068 | 700128543900000000028.5439 |
| Oak, white (Quercus alba ) | 700112268100000000012.2681 | 69997100000000000000.710 | 700117279000000000017.279 | 700124336700000000024.3367 | 700134277000000000034.277 |
| Paulownia (P. tomentosa) | 70006894000000000006.894 | 69992740000000000000.274 | 700127910900000000027.9109 | 700191826900000000091.8269 | 7002335134000000000335.134 |
| Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana ) | 700114151000000000014.151 | 69997760000000000000.776 | 700118235800000000018.2358 | 700123499800000000023.4998 | 700130283200000000030.2832 |
| Pine, eastern white (Pinus strobus ) | 70008806370000999998.80637 | 69993730000000000000.373 | 700123609600000000023.6096 | 700163296400000000063.2964 | 7002169696000000000169.696 |
| Pine, jack (Pinus banksiana or Pinus divericata ) | 70008512169999999998.51217 | 69994610000000000000.461 | 700118464600000000018.4646 | 700140053300000000040.0533 | 700186883600000000086.8836 |
| Pine, loblolly (Pinus taeda ) | 700113278200000000013.2782 | 69995930000000000000.593 | 700122391600000000022.3916 | 700137759800000000037.7598 | 700163675900000000063.6759 |
| Pine, longleaf (Pinus palustris ) | 700114170600000000014.1706 | 69996380000000000000.638 | 700122211000000000022.211 | 700134813500000000034.8135 | 700154566500000000054.5665 |
| Pine, pitch (Pinus rigida ) | 70009463420000999999.46342 | 69995420000000000000.542 | 700117460200000000017.4602 | 700132214400000000032.2144 | 700159436100000000059.4361 |
| Pine, red (Pinus resinosa ) | 700112395600000000012.3956 | 69995070000000000000.507 | 700124448900009999924.4489 | 700148222700000000048.2227 | 700195113900000000095.1139 |
| Pine, shortleaf (Pinus echinata ) | 700113189900000000013.1899 | 69995839900000000000.584 | 700122585500000000022.5855 | 700138673800000000038.6738 | 700166222300000000066.2223 |
| Poplar, balsam (Populus balsamifera or Populus candicans ) | 70007021560000000007.02156 | 69993310000000000000.331 | 700121213200000000021.2132 | 700164088100000000064.0881 | 7002193620000000000193.62 |
| Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron tulipifera ) | 700110375400000000010.3754 | 69994270000000000000.427 | 700124298400000000024.2984 | 700156905000000000056.905 | 7002133267000000000133.267 |
| Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens ) | 70009394770000000009.39477 | 69994360000000000000.436 | 700121547600000000021.5476 | 700149421200000000049.4212 | 7002113351000000000113.351 |
| Sassafras (Sassafras uariafolium ) | 70007747250000000007.74725 | 69994730000000000000.473 | 700116379000000000016.379 | 700134627800000000034.6278 | 700173209000000000073.209 |
| Satinwood (Ceylon) (Chloroxylon swietenia ) | 700110797100000000010.7971 | 70001031099999999991.031 | 700110472500000000010.4725 | 700110157600000000010.1576 | 70009852170000999999.85217 |
| Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum ) | 700110620600000000010.6206 | 69995930000000000000.593 | 700117910000000000017.91 | 700130202300000000030.2023 | 700150931300000000050.9313 |
| Spruce, black (Picea mariana ) | 700110483300000000010.4833 | 69994280000000000000.428 | 700124493700000000024.4937 | 700157228300000000057.2283 | 7002133711000000000133.711 |
| Spruce, red (Picea rubra or Picea rubens ) | 700110502900000000010.5029 | 69994130000000000000.413 | 700125430800000000025.4308 | 700161575800000000061.5758 | 7002149094000000000149.094 |
| Spruce, white (Picea glauca ) | 70009816460000999999.81646 | 69994310000000000000.431 | 700122776000000000022.776 | 700152844600000000052.8446 | 7002122609000000000122.609 |
| Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis ) | 70009826260000000009.82626 | 69995390000000000000.539 | 700118230500000000018.2305 | 700133822899990000033.8229 | 700162751200000000062.7512 |
| Tamarack (Larix laricina or Larix americana ) | 700111316900000000011.3169 | 69995580000000000000.558 | 700120281099990000020.2811 | 700136346100000000036.3461 | 700165136399990000065.1364 |
| Teak (India) (Tectona grandis ) | 700111718900000000011.7189 | 69995891999999000000.5892 | 700119889600000000019.8896 | 700133756900000000033.7569 | 700157292800000000057.2928 |
| Walnut, black (Juglans nigra ) | 700111620900000000011.6209 | 69995620000000000000.562 | 700120677700000000020.6777 | 700136793100000000036.7931 | 700165468200000000065.4682 |
| Willow, black (Salix nigra ) | 70005030810000000005.03081 | 69994080099999000000.408 | 700112330400009999912.3304 | 700130221600000000030.2216 | 700174072599990000074.0726 |
Read more about this topic: Specific Modulus
Famous quotes containing the words approximate, specific, stiffness and/or materials:
“A worker may be the hammer’s master, but the hammer still prevails. A tool knows exactly how it is meant to be handled, while the user of the tool can only have an approximate idea.”
—Milan Kundera (b. 1929)
“In effect, to follow, not to force the public inclination; to give a direction, a form, a technical dress, and a specific sanction, to the general sense of the community, is the true end of legislature.”
—Edmund Burke (1729–1797)
“Everything ponderous, viscous, and solemnly clumsy, all long- winded and boring types of style are developed in profuse variety among Germans—forgive me the fact that even Goethe’s prose, in its mixture of stiffness and elegance, is no exception, being a reflection of the “good old time” to which it belongs, and a reflection of German taste at a time when there still was a “German taste”Ma rococo taste in moribus et artibus.”
—Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)
“In daily life what distinguishes the master is the using those materials he has, instead of looking about for what are more renowned, or what others have used well.”
—Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)