Location
The kingdom of Shanshan included the strategic walled town of Loulan (or Kroran) near the northwest corner of Lop Nur, next to the then outflow of the Tarim River into Lop Nur (40° 9’ N, 89° 5’ E). The site of Loulan covered about 10.8 hectares (27 acres) with a Buddhist pagoda about 10 metres (33 feet) high, numerous houses, and irrigation ditches. It also include Charklik which is located near the modern town of Ruoqiang to the south-west of Lop Nur. It also includes the kingdoms of Qiemo (Shanshan has been suggested as the origin of the name Cherchen (Qiemo)), as well as Niya further to the south-west.
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