Protic - Properties of Common Solvents

Properties of Common Solvents

The solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing polarity. The polarity is given as the dielectric constant. The properties of solvents that exceed those of water are bolded.

Solvent Chemical Formula Boiling point Dielectric constant Density Dipole moment (D)
Non-Polar Solvents
Hexane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 69 °C 2.0 0.655 g/ml 0.00 D
Benzene C6H6 80 °C 2.3 0.879 g/ml 0.00 D
Toluene C6H5-CH3 111 °C 2.4 0.867 g/ml 0.36 D
1,4-Dioxane /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-O-\ 101 °C 2.3 1.033 g/ml 0.45 D
Chloroform CHCl3 61 °C 4.8 1.498 g/ml 1.04 D
Diethyl ether CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 35 °C 4.3 0.713 g/ml 1.15 D
Dichloromethane (DCM) CH2Cl2 40 °C 9.1 1.3266 g/ml 1.60 D
Polar Aprotic Solvents
tetrahydrofuran (THF) /-CH2-CH2-O-CH2-CH2-\ 66 °C 7.5 0.886 g/ml 1.75 D
ethyl acetate (EtOAc) CH3-C(=O)-O-CH2-CH3 77 °C 6.0 0.894 g/ml 1.78 D
acetone CH3-C(=O)-CH3 56 °C 21 0.786 g/ml 2.88 D
dimethylformamide (DMF) H-C(=O)N(CH3)2 153 °C 38 0.944 g/ml 3.82 D
acetonitrile (MeCN) CH3-C≡N 82 °C 37 0.786 g/ml 3.92 D
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) CH3-S(=O)-CH3 189 °C 47 1.092 g/ml 3.96 D
Polar Protic Solvents
formic acid H-C(=O)OH 101 °C 58 1.21 g/ml 1.41 D
n-butanol CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-OH 118 °C 18 0.810 g/ml 1.63 D
isopropanol (IPA) CH3-CH(-OH)-CH3 82 °C 18 0.785 g/ml 1.66 D
nitromethane CH3-NO2 100–103 °C 35.87 1.1371 g/ml 3.56 D
ethanol (EtOH) CH3-CH2-OH 79 °C 30 0.789 g/ml 1.69 D
methanol (MeOH) CH3-OH 65 °C 33 0.791 g/ml 1.70 D
Acetic acid (AcOH) CH3-C(=O)OH 118 °C 6.2 1.049 g/ml 1.74 D
Water H-O-H 100 °C 80 1.000 g/ml 1.85 D

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