Treatment
There was unsuccessful use of chloroquine for opisthorchiasis treatment in 1951-1968.
Thus, currently, the control of opisthorchiasis relies predominantly on anthelmintic treatment with praziquantel. The single dose of praziquantel of 40 mg/kg is effective against opisthorchiasis and also against schistosomiasis. A randomised-controlled trial published in 2011 showed that the broad-spectrum anti-helminthic, tribendimidine, appears to be at least as efficacious as praziquantel.
Artemisinin was also found to have anthelmintic activity against Opisthorchis viverrini.
Despite the efficacy of this compound, the lack of an acquired immunity to infection predisposes humans to reinfections in endemic regions. In addition, under experimental conditions, the short-term treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini-infected hamsters with praziquantel (400 mg per kg of live weight) has been shown to induce a dispersion of parasite antigens, resulting in adverse immunopathological changes as a result of oxidative and nitrative stresses following re-infection with Opisthorchis viverrini, a process which has been proposed to initiate and/or promote the development of cholangiocarcinoma in humans.
Given the current reliance on a single trematocidal drug against Opisthorchis viverrini, there is substantial merit in searching for new intervention methods, built on a detailed understanding of the interplay between the parasites and their hosts as well as the biology of the parasites themselves at the molecular level. Furthermore, the characterization of the genes expressed in these parasites should assist in elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which opisthorchiasis initiate and enhance the development of cholangiocarcinoma.
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