Surname
- Anton Nilson (1887–1989), Swedish militant socialist
- Carlos Nilson, one of the members of the beat and rock band Los Naufragos
- Cynthia Nilson. songwriter and singer from Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Johan Ernst Nilson, Swedish explorer interested in environmental and climate-related issues
- John Nilson, Canadian politician in Saskatchewan
- Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840–1899), Swedish chemist who discovered scandium in 1879
- Lawrence Nilson, the Commander-in-chief of Bombay from 6 January 1785 to 6 September 1788
- Marcus Nilson (born 1978), Swedish professional ice hockey player
- Peter Nilson (1937–1998), Swedish astronomer and novelist
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