Demographics
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1871 | 21,165 | — |
| 1881 | 23,044 | +8.9% |
| 1891 | 23,766 | +3.1% |
| 1901 | 24,276 | +2.1% |
| 1911 | 27,121 | +11.7% |
| 1921 | 28,617 | +5.5% |
| 1931 | 31,887 | +11.4% |
| 1941 | 32,670 | +2.5% |
| 1951 | 43,436 | +33.0% |
| 1961 | 51,393 | +18.3% |
| 1971 | 60,195 | +17.1% |
| 1981 | 70,019 | +16.3% |
| 1991 | 76,837 | +9.7% |
| 2001 | 84,290 | +9.7% |
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As of 2001 India census, Mayiladuthurai had a population of 84,505 with 42,008 males and 42,497 females living in 16,095 households. Mayiladuthurai has an average literacy rate of 80%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 77%. In Mayiladuthurai, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. There are 26 slums in Mayiladuthurai with a total population of 32,381.
Mayiladuthurai is largely Hindu, Vanniyars being the dominant Hindu community. Karkatha Vellalars, Kallars and Thondaimandala Mudaliars are other significant communities in the town. Tamil Brahmins are numerous in Mayiladuthurai as they are in the northern parts of the Cauvery Delta. There is also a considerable population of Telugu-speakers and smaller numbers of Kannadigas and Thanjavur Marathis. Muslims form nearly one-fourth of the total population of the town. There is also a considerable population of Christians in the town. The Roman Catholics are affiliated to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kumbakonam.
A vast majority of the populace is engaged in agriculture. 15 percent of the total working population is engaged in trade while 25 percent is engaged in other commercial activities.
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