Luteinizing Hormone - Structure

Structure

LH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein. Each monomeric unit is a glycoprotein molecule; one alpha and one beta subunit make the full, functional protein.

Its structure is similar to that of the other glycoprotein hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The protein dimer contains 2 glycopeptidic subunits, labeled alpha and beta subunits, that are non-covalently associated (i.e., without any disulfide bridge linking them):

• The alpha subunits of LH, FSH, TSH, and hCG are identical, and contain 92 amino acids in human but 96 amino acids in almost all other vertebrate species (glycoprotein hormones do not exist in invertebrates).

The 92-amino acid long LH alpha subunit in humans has the following sequence:

NH₂ – Ala – Pro – Asp – Val – Gln – Asp – Cys – Pro – Glu – Cys – Thr – Leu – Gln – Glu – Asn – Pro – Phe – Phe – Ser – Gln – Pro – Gly – Ala – Pro – Ile – Leu – Gln – Cys – Met – Gly – Cys – Cys – Phe – Ser – Arg – Ala – Tyr – Pro – Thr – Pro – Leu – Arg – Ser – Lys – Lys – Thr – Met – Leu – Val – Gln – Lys – Asn – Val – Thr – Ser – Glu – Ser – Thr – Cys – Cys – Val – Ala – Lys – Ser – Tyr – Asn – Arg – Val – Thr – Val – Met – Gly – Gly – Phe – Lys – Val – Glu – Asn – His – Thr – Ala – Cys – His – Cys – Ser – Thr – Cys – Tyr – Tyr – His – Lys – Ser – OH

• Note: The carbohydrate moiety is linked to the asparagine at positions 52 and 78.

• The beta subunits vary. LH has a beta subunit of 120 amino acids (LHB) that confers its specific biologic action and is responsible for the specificity of the interaction with the LH receptor. This beta subunit contains an amino acid sequence that exhibits large homologies with that of the beta subunit of hCG and both stimulate the same receptor. However, the hCG beta subunit contains an additional 24 amino acids, and the two hormones differ in the composition of their sugar moieties.

NH₂ – Ser – Arg – Glu – Pro – Leu – Arg – Pro – Trp – Cys – His – Pro – Ile – Asn – Ala – Ile – Leu – Ala – Val – Glu – Lys – Glu – Gly – Cys – Pro – Val – Cys – Ile – Thr – Val – AsnThr – Thr – Ile – Cys – Ala – Gly – Tyr – Cys – Pro – Thr – Met – Met – Arg – Val – Leu – Gln – Ala – Val – Leu – Pro – Pro – Leu – Pro – Gln – Val – Val – Cys – Thr – Tyr – Arg – Asp – Val – Arg – Phe – Glu – Ser – Ile – Arg – Leu – Pro – Gly – Cys – Pro – Arg – Gly – Val – Asp – Pro – Val – Val – Ser – Phe – Pro – Val – Ala – Leu – Ser – Cys – Arg – Cys – Gly – Pro – Cys – Arg – Arg – Ser – Thr – Ser – Asp – Cys – Gly – Gly – Pro – Lys – Asp – His – Pro – Leu – Thr – Cys – Asp – His – Pro – Gln – Leu – Ser – Gly – Leu – Leu – Phe – Leu – OH

The different composition of these oligosaccharides affects bioactivity and speed of degradation. The biologic half-life of LH is 20 minutes, shorter than that of FSH (3–4 hours) and hCG (24 hours).