London Clay
The London Clay Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (Lower Eocene Epoch, c. 56-49 Ma) age which crops out in the southeast of England. The London Clay is well known for the fossils it contains. The fossils from the Lower Eocene indicate a moderately warm climate, the flora being tropical or subtropical. Though sea levels changed during the deposition of the Clay, the habitat was generally a lush forest - perhaps like in Indonesia or East Africa today - bordering a warm, shallow ocean.
The London Clay is a stiff bluish clay which becomes brown when weathered. There are nodular lumps of pyrite and crystals of selenite (sometimes called "waterstones") frequently in the clay, and large septarian concretions are also common. These have been used in the past for making cement. They were once dug for this purpose at Sheppey, near Sittingbourne, and at Harwich, and also dredged off the Hampshire coast. The clay has been used commercially for making bricks, tiles, and coarse pottery. It is infertile for gardens and crops.
Read more about London Clay: Distribution, Formation, Tunnels in London Clay, Claygate Beds, Fossil Fauna and Flora, Engineering, Agriculture
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“Our haughty life is crowned with darkness,
Like London with its own black wreath,”
—William Wordsworth (1770–1850)
“Water. Its sunny track in the plain; its splashing in the garden canal, the sound it makes when in its course it meets the mane of the grass; the diluted reflection of the sky together with the fleeting sight of the reeds; the Negresses fill their dripping gourds and their red clay containers; the song of the washerwomen; the gorged fields the tall crops ripening.”
—Jacques Roumain (1907–1945)