Middle East
- Adiabene
- Helena, Queen of Adiabene (30–58)
- Izates bar Monobaz, King of Adiabene (34–55)
- Armenia – Orodes, King of Armenia (Parthian protectorate) (35, 37–42)
- Characene – Attambalos III, King of Characene (37–45)
- Commagene
- Interregnum – Roman rule (38–41)
- Antiochus IV, King of Commagene (restored) (38, 41–72)
- Nabatea – Malichus II, King of Nabatea (40–70)
- Osroene – Abgar V of Edessa, King of Osroene (4 BC–7 AD, 13–50)
- Parthian Empire
- Vardanes I, Great King (Shah) of Parthia (40–47)
- Gotarzes II, Great King (Shah) of Parthia (40–51)
- Pontus – Polemon II, King of Pontus (38–64)
Read more about this topic: List Of State Leaders In 41
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