List of State Leaders in 1991 - Europe

Europe

  • Albania
    • the Socialist People's Republic of Albania changed into the Republic of Albania on 30 April 1991
    • Communist Party leader - Ramiz Alia, First Secretary of the Albanian Party of Labour (1985–1991)
    • Head of State - Ramiz Alia, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of Albania (1982–1992)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Adil Çarçani, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Albania (1981–1991)
      2. Fatos Nano, Prime Minister of Albania (1991)
      3. Ylli Bufi, Prime Minister of Albania (1991)
      4. Vilson Ahmeti, Prime Minister of Albania (1991–1992)
  • Andorra -
    • Monarchs -
      • French Co-Prince - François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince of Andorra (1981–1995)
      • Episcopal Co-Prince - Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra (1971–2003)
    • Prime Minister - Òscar Ribas Reig, Head of Government of Andorra (1990–1994)
  • Armenia -
    • the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 23 September 1991
    • President - Levon Ter-Petrossian, President of Armenia (1990–1998)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Vazgen Manukyan, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Armenian SSR (1990–1991)
      2. Hrant Bagratyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (1991)
      3. Gagik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (1991–1992)
  • Austria -
    • President - Kurt Waldheim, Federal President of Austria (1986–1992)
    • Chancellor - Franz Vranitzky, Federal Chancellor of Austria (1986–1997)
  • Azerbaijan -
    • the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 30 August 1991
    • President - Ayaz Mütallibov, President of Azerbaijan (1990–1992)
    • Prime Minister - Hasan Hasanov, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1990–1992)
  • Belarus -
    • the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 25 August 1991
    • Head of State -
      1. Mikalay Dzyemyantsyey, Chairman of Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR (1989–1991)
      2. Stanislau Shushkevich, Chairman of Supreme Soviet of Belarus (1991–1994)
    • Premier - Vyachaslau Kebich, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Belarus (1990–1994)
  • Belgium -
    • Monarch - Baudouin, King of the Belgians (1951–1993)
    • Prime Minister - Wilfried Martens, Prime Minister of Belgium (1981–1992)
  • Bulgaria -
    • President - Zhelyu Zhelev, President of Bulgaria (1990–1997)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Dimitar Popov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bulgaria (1990–1991)
      2. Philip Dimitrov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1991–1992)
  • Croatia -
    • Socialist Republic of Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991
    • President - Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (1990–1999)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Josip Manolić, President of the Government of Croatia (1990–1991)
      2. Franjo Gregurić, President of the Government of Croatia (1991–1992)
    • Republic of Serbian Krajina (unrecognized secessionist state)
      • declared independence on 19 December 1991
      • President - Milan Babić, President of Serbian Krajina (1991–1992)
      • Prime Minister - Dusan Vještica, Prime Minister of Serbian Krajina (1991–1992)
  • Cyprus -
    • President - George Vasiliou, President of Cyprus (1988–1993)
    • Northern Cyprus (unrecognized, secessionist state)
      • President - Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1975–2005)
      • Prime Minister - Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1985–1994)
  • Czech and Slovak Federal Republic -
    • President - Václav Havel, President of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1989–1992)
    • Prime Minister - Marián Čalfa, Prime Minister of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic (1989–1992)
  • Denmark
    • Monarch - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
    • Prime Minister - Poul Schlüter, Prime Minister of Denmark (1982–1993)
  • Estonia
    • The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic changed its name to the Republic of Estonia on May 8, 1990 and declared independence on 20 August 1991, thus the exiled Republic of Estonia regained control over their national territory. This was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
    • Head of State - Arnold Rüütel, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Estonia (1990–1992)
    • Prime Minister - Edgar Savisaar, Prime Minister of the Interim Government of Estonia (1990–1992)
  • Finland -
    • President - Mauno Koivisto, President of Finland, (1982–1994)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Harri Holkeri, Prime Minister of Finland, (1987–1991)
      2. Esko Aho, Prime Minister of Finland, (1991–1995)
  • France -
    • President - François Mitterrand, President of France (1981–1995)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Michel Rocard, Prime Minister of France (1988–1991)
      2. Édith Cresson, Prime Minister of France (1991–1992)
  • Georgia -
    • the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 9 April 1991
    • President - Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President of Georgia (1990–1992)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Tengiz Sigua, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Georgian SSR (1990–1991)
      2. Murman Omanidze, Acting Prime Minister of Georgia (1991)
      3. Bessarion Gugushvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (1991–1992)
    • South Ossetia (unrecognized secessionist state)
      • declared independence on 28 November 1991
      • Head of State -
        1. Znaur Gassiyev, Chairman of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia (1991)
        2. Torez Kulumbegov, Chairman of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia (1991–1993)
      • Prime Minister - Oleg Teziev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (1991–1993)
  • Germany -
    • President - Richard von Weizsäcker, Federal President of Germany (1984–1994)
    • Chancellor - Helmut Kohl, Federal Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998)
  • Greece -
    • President - Konstantinos Karamanlis, President of Greece (1990–1995)
    • Prime Minister - Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime Minister of Greece (1990–1993)
  • Hungary -
    • President - Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary (1990–2000)
    • Prime Minister - József Antall, Prime Minister of Hungary (1990–1993)
  • Iceland -
    • President - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President of Iceland (1980–1996)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1988–1991)
      2. Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1991–2004)
  • Ireland -
    • President - Mary Robinson, President of Ireland (1990–1997)
    • Prime Minister - Charles Haughey, Taoiseach of Ireland (1987–1992)
  • Italy -
    • President - Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy (1985–1992)
    • Prime Minister - Giulio Andreotti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (1989–1992)
  • Latvia -
    • the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 21 August which was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
    • Head of State - Anatolijs Gorbunovs, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Latvia (1988–1993)
    • Prime Minister - Ivars Godmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (1990–1993)
  • Liechtenstein -
    • Monarch - Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
    • Prime Minister - Hans Brunhart, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1978–1993)
  • Lithuania -
    • the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic's independence, declared on 11 March 1990, was recognized by the Soviet Union on 6 September 1991
    • Head of State - Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Lithuania (1990–1992)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Kazimira Prunskienė, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1990–1991)
      2. Albertas Šimėnas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1991)
      3. Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (1991–1992)
  • Luxembourg -
    • Monarch - Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1964–2000)
    • Prime Minister - Jacques Santer, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1984–1995)
  • Macedonia -
    • the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence on 18 September 1991
    • President -
      1. Vladimir Mitkov, President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1990–1991)
      2. Kiro Gligorov, President of Macedonia (1991–1999)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Gligorije Gogovski, Chairman of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1986–1991)
      2. Nikola Kljusev, Prime Minister of Macedonia (1991–1992)
  • Malta -
    • President - Ċensu Tabone, President of Malta (1989–1994)
    • Prime Minister - Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1987–1996)
  • Moldova -
    • the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 27 August 1991
    • President - Mircea Snegur, President of Moldova (1989–1997)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Mircea Druc, Prime Minister of the Moldavian SSR (1990–1991)
      2. Valeriu Muravschi, Prime Minister of Moldova (1991–1992)
    • Gagauzia (unrecognized secessionist state)
      • President - Stepan Topal, President of Gagauzia (1990–1995)
    • Transnistria (unrecognized secessionist state)
      • the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 25 August 1991
      • President - Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1990–2011)
  • Monaco -
    • Monarch - Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
    • Head of Government -
      1. Jean Ausseil, Minister of State of Monaco (1985–1991)
      2. Jaques Dupont, Minister of State of Monaco (1991–1994)
  • Kingdom of the Netherlands
    • Monarch - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–present)
    • Netherlands (constituent country)
      • Prime Minister - Ruud Lubbers, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982–1994)
    • Netherlands Antilles (constituent country)
      • see under North America
    • Aruba (constituent country)
      • see under North America
  • Norway -
    • Monarch -
      1. Olav V, King of Norway (1957–1991)
      2. Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
    • Prime Minister - Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime Minister of Norway (1990–1996)
  • Poland -
    • President - Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland (1990–1995)
    • Premier -
      1. Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1989–1991)
      2. Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1991)
      3. Jan Olszewski, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1991–1992)
  • Portugal -
    • President - Mário Soares, President of Portugal (1986–1996)
    • Prime Minister - Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister of Portugal (1985–1995)
  • Romania -
    • President - Ion Iliescu, President of Romania (1989–1996)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Petre Roman, Prime Minister of Romania (1989–1991)
      2. Theodor Stolojan, Prime Minister of Romania (1991–1992)
  • Russia -
    • the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became independent upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 25 December 1991
    • President - Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (1990–1999)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Ivan Silayev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russian SFSR (1990–1991)
      2. Oleg Lobov, Acting Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Russian SFSR (1991)
      3. Boris Yeltsin, Chairman of the Government of Russia (1991–1992)
    • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (unrecognized secessionist state)
      • independence declared on 1 November 1991
      • President - Dzhokhar Dudayev, President of Ichkeria (1991–1996)
  • San Marino -
    • Captains Regent -
    1. Cesare Gasperoni and Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent of San Marino (1990–1991)
    2. Domenico Bernardini and Claudio Podeschi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1991)
    3. Edda Ceccoli and Marino Riccardi, Captains Regent of San Marino (1991–1992)
  • Slovenia -
    • Socialist Republic of Slovenia declared independence on 25 June 1991
    • President - Milan Kučan, President of Slovenia (1990–2002)
    • Prime Minister - Lojze Peterle, Prime Minister of Slovenia (1990–1992)
  • Soviet Union -
    • dissolved on 25 December 1991
    • Communist Party leader -
      1. Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
      2. Vladimir Ivashko, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1991)
    • President - Mikhail Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union (1988–1991)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)
      2. Valentin Pavlov, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (1991)
      3. Ivan Silayev, Prime Minister of the Soviet Union (1991)
  • Spain -
    • Monarch - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–present)
    • Prime Minister - Felipe González, President of the Government of Spain (1982–1996)
  • Sweden -
    • Monarch - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Ingvar Carlsson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1986–1991)
      2. Carl Bildt, Prime Minister of Sweden (1991–1994)
  • Switzerland -
    • Swiss Federal Council:
      Otto Stich (1983–1995), Jean-Pascal Delamuraz (1983–1998), Arnold Koller (1986–1999), Flavio Cotti (1986–1999, President), René Felber (1987–1993), Adolf Ogi (1987–2000), Kaspar Villiger (1989–2003)
  • Ukraine -
    • the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic declared independence on 24 August 1991
    • President - Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine (1990–1994)
    • Prime Minister - Vitold Fokin, Prime Minister of Ukraine (1990–1992)
  • United Kingdom -
    • Monarch - Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
    • Prime Minister - John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1990–1997)
    • Guernsey (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Michael Wilkins, Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey (1990–1994)
      • Bailiff - Sir Charles Frossard, Bailiff of Guernsey (1982–1992)
    • Jersey (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir John Sutton, Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey (1990–1995)
      • Bailiff - Sir Peter Crill, Bailiff of Jersey (1986–1995)
    • Isle of Man (British Crown dependency)
      • Lieutenant-Governor - Sir Laurence Jones, Lieutenant-Governor of Man (1990–1995)
      • Chief minister - Miles Walker, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (1986–1996)
    • Gibraltar (British dependent territory)
      • Governor - Sir Derek Reffell, Governor of Gibraltar (1989–1993)
      • Chief Minister - Joe Bossano, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1988–1996)
  • Vatican City
    • Monarch - Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
    • President of the Governorate - Rosalio Lara, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1990–1997)
    • Holy See
      • Secretary of State - Angelo Sodano, Cardinal Secretary of State (1990–2006)
  • Yugoslavia -
    • Head of State -
      1. Borisav Jović, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1990–1991)
      2. Stjepan Mesić, Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1991)
      3. Branko Kostić, Acting Chairman of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1991–1992)
    • Premier -
      1. Ante Marković, President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1989–1991)
      2. Aleksandar Mitrović, Acting President of the Federal Executive Council of Yugoslavia (1991–1992)

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