List of State Leaders in 1944 - Europe

Europe

• Albania
  • Monarch -
    1. High Council of Regency
    2. Omer Nishani Chairman of the Presidium for the antifascist Council for the National Liberation and de facto president (1944–1953)
  • Prime Minister of Albania
    1. Rexhep Mitrovica (1943–1944)
    2. Enver Hoxha (1944–1954)
• Andorra
  • Co-Princes -
    • French Co-Prince -
      1. Philippe Pétain, Chief of State of France (1940–1944)
      2. Charles de Gaulle, Chairman of the Provisional Government of France (1944–1946)
    • Episcopal Co-Prince - Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Bishop of Urgell (1943–1969)
  • First Syndic - Francesc Cairat Freixes, First Syndic of Andorra (1937–1960)
• Belgium
  • King - Léopold III, King of the Belgians (1934–1951)
  • Prince Regent - Charles, King of the Belgians (1944–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Hubert Pierlot, Prime Minister of Belgium (1939–1945)
• Bulgaria
  • King - Simeon II, Tsar of Bulgaria (1943–1946)
  • Regents - Prince Kiril, Bogdan Filov, and Nikola Mihailov Mihov, Regents of Bulgaria (1943–1944)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Dobri Bozhilov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1943–1944)
    2. Ivan Ivanov Bagryanov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1944)
    3. Konstantin Muraviev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1944)
    4. Kimon Georgiev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1944–1946)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian X, King of Denmark (1912–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (1942–1945)
  • German occupation in control of government (1943–1945)
• Éire (Ireland) -
  • Monarch - George VI, King of Ireland (1936–1949)
  • President - Douglas Hyde, President of Ireland (1938–1945)
  • Prime Minister - Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1937–1948)
• Estonia - German occupation since 28 August 1941, Soviet re-occupation since 22 September 1944
  • President -
    1. Konstantin Päts, legitimate President of Estonia (24 April 1938 - 18 January 1956) (imprisoned since 30 July 1940)
    2. Jüri Uluots, legitimate Prime Minister of Estonia in the Duties of the President (21 July 1940 - 9 January 1945) (in exile since 22 September 1944)
  • Prime Minister - Otto Tief, acting Prime Minister of Estonia (1944 18 September - 1953 12 January) (imprisoned since 10 October 1944)
• Finland
  • President
    1. Risto Ryti, President of Finland (1940–1944)
    2. Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, President of Finland (1944–1946)
  • Prime Minister
    1. Edwin Linkomies, Prime Minister of Finland (1943–1944)
    2. Antti Hackzell, Prime Minister of Finland (1944)
    3. Urho Castrén, Prime Minister of Finland (1944)
    4. Juho Kusti Paasikivi, Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946)
• France -
  • Vichy Regime -
    • Head of State - Philippe Pétain, Head of State (1940–1944)
    • Prime Minister - Pierre Laval, President of the Council (1942–1944)
  • Provisional Government - Charles de Gaulle, Chairman of the Provisional Government (1944–1946)
• Germany -
  • Head of State - Adolf Hitler, Führer (1934–1945)
  • Chancellor - Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Germany (1933–1945)
• Greece
  • King - George II, King of the Hellenes (1935–1947)
  • Prime Minister - Georgios Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (1944–1945)
• Hungary -
  • Head of State -
    1. Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (1920 - 16 October 1944)
    2. Ferenc Szálasi, "Leader of the Nation" (16 October 1944 - 28 March 1945) (legitimacy not universally accepted)
    3. Post vacant (16 October 1944 - 2 February 1946) (for those not accepting the legitimacy of the Szálasi régime)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Miklós Kállay (1942 - 22 March 1944)
    2. Döme Sztójay (22 March 1944 - 29 August 1944)
    3. Géza Lakatos (29 August 1944 - 16 October 1944)
    4. Ferenc Szálasi, "Leader of the Nation" (16 October 1944 - 28 March 1945) (legitimacy not universally accepted)
    5. Post vacant (16 October 1944 - 22 December 1944) (for those not accepting the legitimacy of the Szálasi régime)
    6. Béla Dálnoki Miklós, Prime Minister of the National Provisional Government (22 December 1944 - 15 November 1945)
• Iceland
  • dissolved personal union with Denmark on June 17, 1944
  • President - Sveinn Björnsson, President of Iceland (1944–1952)
  • Prime Minister
    1. Björn Þórðarson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1942–1944)
    2. Ólafur Thors, Prime Minister of Iceland (1944–1947)
• Italy -
  • Kingdom of Italy -
    • Monarch -Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy (1900–1946)
    • Prime Minister -
      1. Pietro Badoglio, Prime Minister of Italy (1943–1944)
      2. Ivanoe Bonomi, Prime Minister of Italy (1944–1945)
  • Italian Social Republic - Benito Mussolini, Provisional Head of State (1943–1945)
• Liechtenstein -
  • Monarch - Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1938–1989)
  • Head of Government - Josef Hoop, Head of Government (1928–1945)
• Luxembourg
  • Monarch - Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg (1919–1964)
  • Prime Minister - Pierre Dupong, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1937–1953)
• Monaco
  • Monarch - Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1922–1949)
  • Head of Government
    1. Emile Roblot, Minister of State of Monaco (1937–1944)
    2. Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of State of Monaco (1944)
    3. Pierre de Witasse, Minister of State of Monaco (1944–1948)
• Netherlands (German and Japanese occupied, except for Curaçoa, Suriname and parts of Dutch East Indies)
  • Monarch - Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands (1890–1948)
  • Prime Minister - Pieter Gerbrandy, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1940–1945)
• Poland
  • Government in exile
    • President - Władysław Raczkiewicz, President of Poland (1939–1947)
    • Prime Minister -
    1. Stanisław Mikołajczyk, President of the Council of Ministers (1943–1944)
    2. Tomasz Arciszewski, President of the Council of Ministers (1944–1947)
  • Communist dominated government
    • Head of State - Bolesław Bierut -
      1. Chairman of the Presidium of the National Council (1944)
      2. President of the National Council (1944–1947)
    • Premier - Edward Osóbka-Morawski -
      1. Chairman of the Polish Committee of National Liberation (1944)
      2. President of the Council of Ministers (1944–1947)
• Portugal -
  • President - António Óscar Carmona, President of Portugal (1926–1951)
  • Prime Minister - António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers (1932–1968)
• Romania
  • Monarch - Michael, King of the Romanians (1940–1947)
  • Prime Minister
    1. Ion Antonescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1940–1944)
    2. Constantin Sănătescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1944)
    3. Nicolae Rădescu, Prime Minister of Romania (1944–1945)
• San Marino
  • Captains Regent
    1. Marino Della Balda and Sante Lonfernini, Captains Regent of San Marino (1943–1944)
    2. Francesco Balsimelli and Sanzio Valenteni, Captains Regent of San Marino (1944)
    3. Teodoro Lonfernini and Leonida Suzzi Valli, Captains Regent of San Marino (1944–1945)
• Soviet Union
  • Communist Party Leader - Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1953)
  • Head of State - Mikhail Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–1946)
  • Premier - Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Comissars (1941–1953)
• Spain -
  • Generalísimo - Francisco Franco, Head of the Spanish State and President of the Government (1939–1975), (1939–1973)
• Sweden
  • Monarch - Gustaf V, King of Sweden (1907–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1936–1946)
• Switzerland - Swiss Federal Council
• Turkey -
  • President - İsmet İnönü, President of Turkey (1938–1950)
  • Prime Minister - Şükrü Saracoğlu, Prime Minister of Turkey (1942–1946)
• United Kingdom -
  • Monarch - George VI, King of the United Kingdom (1936–1952)
  • Prime Minister - Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1940–1945)
• Vatican City
  • Pope - Pius XII, Bishop of Rome (1939–1958)
  • Secretary of State -
    1. Luigi Cardinal Maglione, Cardinal Secretary of State (1939–1944)
    2. Position of Cardinal Secretary of State eliminated
• Yugoslavia
  • Monarch - Peter II, King of Yugoslavia (1934–1945)
  • Prime Minister
    1. Božidar Purić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1943–1944)
    2. Ivan Šubašić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (1944–1945)