List of State Leaders in 1866 - Europe

Europe

• Belgium
  • Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865–1909)
  • Cabinet Chief - Charles Rogier, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1847–1852, 1857–1868)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863–1906)
  • Prime Minister - Christian Emil, Prime Minister of Denmark (1865–1870)
• France - Napoleon III, Emperor of the French (1852–1870)
• German Confederation - dissolved in 1866 as a result of the Austro-Prussian War
  • Franz Joseph of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1850–1866),
  • Austria - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria (1848–1916)
  • Bavaria - Ludwig II, King of Bavaria (1864–1886)
  • Hamburg - Nicolaus Ferdinand Haller, First Burgomaster of Hamburg (1863–1864; 1866–1868; 1870; and again 1872–1873)
  • Hanover -
    • George, King of Hanover (1851–1866)
    • Defeated and annexed by Prussia in 1866
  • Luxembourg
    • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
    • Prime Minister - Victor, Baron de Tornaco, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1860–1867)
  • Prussia -
    • Monarch - Wilhelm I, King of Prussia (1861–1888)
    • Prime Minister - Otto von Bismarck, Minister-President of Prussia (1862–1873)
  • Saxony - Johann, King of Saxony (1854–1873)
  • Württemberg - Karl, King of Württemberg (1864–1891)
• Greece -
  • Monarch - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863–1913)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Benizelos Rouphos, Prime Minister of Greece (1865–1866)
    2. Dimitrios Voulgaris, Prime Minister of Greece (1866)
    3. Alexandros Koumoundouros, Prime Minister of Greece (1866–1868)
• Hungary -
  • Monarch- Franz Joseph
  • Chancellor - György Majláth
• Papal States - Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
• Italy -
  • Monarch - Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861–1878)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Marchese la Marmora, Prime Minister of Italy (1864–1866)
    2. Bettino Ricasoli, Prime Minister of Italy (1866–1867)
• Netherlands
  • Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849–1890)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1849–1853, 1862–1866, 1871–1872)
    2. Isaäc Dignus Fransen van de Putte, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1866)
    3. Julius van Zuylen van Nijevelt, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1866–1868)
• Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Carl IV, King of Norway (1859–1872)
• Ottoman (Turkish) Empire
  • Monarch - Abd-ul-Aziz, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1861–1876)
  • Grand Vizier -
    1. Keçecizade Mehmet Fuat Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1863–1866)
    2. Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1866–1867)
• Portugal - Luis, King of Portugal (1861–1889)
• Romania
  • Prince -
    1. Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Prince of Romania (1859–1866)
    2. Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866–1881)
• Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855–1881)
• Spain - Isabella II, Queen of Spain (1833–1868)
• Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Charles XV, King of Sweden (1859–1872)
• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901)
  • Prime Minister -
    1. John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1865–1866)
    2. Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1852, 1858, 1866–1868)