List of State Leaders in 1644 - Europe

Europe

  • England - Charles I, King of England (1625–1649)
  • France - Louis XIV, King of France (1643–1715)
  • Holy Roman Empire - Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637–1657)
    • Bremen, Prince-Archbishopric -
      1. Frederick II (later Frederick III of Denmark), Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–1645)
      2. Archduke Leopold William of Austria, rivalling Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen (1635–1645)
    • Halberstadt, Prince-Bishopric - Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Halberstadt (1628–1648)
    • Inner Austria and Lower Austria - Archduke Ferdinand IV (simultaneously Emperor Ferdinand III), Archdukes of Inner and Lower Austria (1637–1657)
    • Lorraine - Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine (1634–1661)
    • Magdeburg, Prince-Archbishopric - Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels, Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric of Magdeburg (1638–1680)
    • Olomouc, Prince-Bishopric - Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Olomouc (1637–1662)
    • Passau, Prince-Bishopric - Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Passau (1625–1662)
    • Strasbourg, Prince-Bishopric - Archduke Leopold William of Austria, Catholic Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Strasbourg (1626–1662)
    • Verden, Prince-Bishopric - Frederick II (later Frederick III of Denmark), Lutheran Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden (1623–1629 and again 1635–1644)
  • Ottoman ( Turkish ) Empire - İbrahim, Ottoman Sultan (1640–1648)
  • United Provinces
    • Estates of Friesland, Groningen, Guelders, Holland, Overijssel, Utrecht, Zeeland (1581–1795)
    • Stadtholder - Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of Gelre, Holland, Utrecht and Zeeland(1625–1647).
      • Holland - Grand Pensionary Jacob Cats (1629–1631, 1636–1651)

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Famous quotes containing the word europe:

    “You can always tell a Midwestern couple in Europe because they will be standing in the middle of a busy intersection looking at a wind-blown map and arguing over which way is west. European cities, with their wandering streets and undisciplined alleys, drive Midwesterners practically insane.”
    —Bill Bryson (b. 1951)

    “The city is recruited from the country. In the year 1805, it is said, every legitimate monarch in Europe was imbecile. The city would have died out, rotted, and exploded, long ago, but that it was reinforced from the fields. It is only country which came to town day before yesterday, that is city and court today.”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)

    “Can we never extract this tape-worm of Europe from the brain of our countrymen?”
    —Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882)