Ratified or Acceded States
Multiple dates indicate the different days in which states submitted their signature or deposition, varied by location. This location is noted by: (L) for London, (M) for Moscow, and (W) for Washington D.C.
State | Signed | Deposited | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
Albania | 01992-06-03Jun 3, 1992 (W) 01992-08-11Aug 11, 1992 (L) 01993-03-26Mar 26, 1993 (M) |
Accession | |
Algeria | 02001-09-28Sep 28, 2001 (W) | Accession | |
Antigua and Barbuda | 02003-01-29Jan 29, 2003 (L) | Accession | |
Argentina | 01972-08-01Aug 1, 1972 (M) 01972-08-03Aug 3, 1972 (L) 01972-08-07Aug 7, 1972 (W) |
01979-11-27Nov 27, 1979 (W) 01979-12-05Dec 5, 1979 (L) 01979-12-27Dec 27, 1979 (M) |
Ratification |
Armenia | 01994-06-07Jun 7, 1994 (M, W) | Accession | |
Australia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01977-10-05Oct 5, 1977 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Austria | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-08-10Aug 10, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Azerbaijan | 02004-02-26Feb 26, 2004 (M, W) | Accession | |
Bahamas | 01986-11-26Nov 26, 1986 (L) | Accession | |
Bahrain | 01988-10-28Oct 28, 1988 (L) | Accession | |
Bangladesh | 01985-03-11Mar 11, 1985 (M) 01985-03-12Mar 12, 1985 (W) 01985-03-13Mar 13, 1985 (L) |
Accession | |
Barbados | 01973-02-16Feb 16, 1973 (W) | 01973-02-16Feb 16, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Belarus | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (M) | Ratification as Byelorussian SSR |
Belgium | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01979-03-15Mar 15, 1979 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Belize | 01986-10-20Oct 20, 1986 (L) 01986-11-25Nov 25, 1986 (W) 01987-01-13Jan 13, 1987 (M) |
Succession from United Kingdom | |
Benin | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01975-04-25Apr 25, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Bhutan | 01978-06-08Jun 8, 1978 (W) | Accession | |
Bolivia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01975-10-30Oct 30, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 01994-08-15Aug 15, 1994 (W) | Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Botswana | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01992-02-05Feb 5, 1992 (W) | Ratification |
Brazil | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-02-27Feb 27, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Brunei | 01991-01-31Jan 31, 1991 (L) | Accession | |
Bulgaria | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01972-08-02Aug 2, 1972 (L) 01972-09-13Sep 13, 1972 (W) 01972-09-19Sep 19, 1972 (M) |
Ratification |
Burkina Faso | 01991-04-17Apr 17, 1991 (W) | Accession | |
Burundi | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M, W) | 02011-10-18Oct 18, 2011 (L) | Ratification |
Cambodia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01983-03-09Mar 9, 1983 (W) | Ratification |
Cameroon | 02013-01-18Jan 18, 2013 (W) | Accession | |
Canada | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01972-09-18Sep 18, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Cape Verde | 01977-10-20Oct 20, 1977 (M) | Accession | |
Chile | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01980-04-22Apr 22, 1980 (L) | Ratification |
China | 01984-11-15Nov 15, 1984 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Colombia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01983-12-19Dec 19, 1983 (W) | Ratification |
Congo | 01978-10-23Oct 23, 1978 (W) | Accession | |
Cook Islands | 02008-12-04Dec 4, 2008 (L) | Accession | |
Costa Rica | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01973-12-17Dec 17, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Croatia | 01993-04-28Apr 28, 1993 (W) | Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Cuba | 01972-04-12Apr 12, 1972 (M) | 01976-04-21Apr 21, 1976 (M) | Ratification |
Cyprus | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) 01972-04-14Apr 14, 1972 (M) |
01973-11-06Nov 6, 1973 (L) 01973-11-13Nov 13, 1973 (W) 01973-11-21Nov 21, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Czech Republic | 01993-01-01Jan 1, 1993 (M) 01993-04-05Apr 5, 1993 (L) 01993-09-29Sep 29, 1993 (W) |
Succession from Czechoslovakia |
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M, W) | 01975-09-16Sep 16, 1975 (L) 01977-01-28Jan 28, 1977 (W) |
Ratification as Zaire |
Denmark | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-03-01Mar 1, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Dominica | 01978-11-08Nov 8, 1978 (L) | Accession | |
Dominican Republic | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01973-02-23Feb 23, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Ecuador | 01972-06-14Jun 14, 1972 (W) | 01975-03-12Mar 12, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
El Salvador | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01991-12-31Dec 31, 1991 (W) | Ratification |
Equatorial Guinea | 01989-01-16Jan 16, 1989 (M) 01992-07-29Jul 29, 1992 (W) |
Accession | |
Estonia | 01993-06-21Jun 21, 1993 (W) 01993-07-01Jul 1, 1993 (M) |
Accession | |
Ethiopia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-05-26May 26, 1975 (L, M) 01975-06-26Jun 26, 1975 (W) |
Ratification |
Fiji | 01973-02-22Feb 22, 1973 (L) | 01973-09-04Sep 4, 1973 (W) 01973-10-01Oct 1, 1973 (L) 01973-10-05Oct 5, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Finland | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01974-02-04Feb 4, 1974 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
France | 01984-09-27Sep 27, 1984 (L, M, W) | Accession | |
Gabon | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L) | 02007-08-16Aug 16, 2007 (W) | Ratification |
Gambia | 01972-06-02Jun 2, 1972 (M) 01972-08-08Aug 8, 1972 (L) 01972-11-09Nov 9, 1972 (W) |
01997-05-07May 7, 1997 (L) 01997-06-10Jun 10, 1997 (M) 01997-08-01Aug 1, 1997 (W) |
Ratification |
Georgia | 01996-05-22May 22, 1996 (L, M) | Accession | |
Germany | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01983-04-07Apr 7, 1983 (L, W) | Ratification as West Germany |
Ghana | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M, W) | 01975-06-06Jun 6, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
Greece | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L) 01972-04-12Apr 12, 1972 (W) 01972-04-14Apr 14, 1972 (M) |
01975-12-10Dec 10, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Grenada | 01986-10-22Oct 22, 1986 (L) | Accession | |
Guatemala | 01972-05-09May 9, 1972 (W) | 01973-09-19Sep 19, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Guinea-Bissau | 01976-08-20Aug 20, 1976 (M) | Accession | |
Guyana | 01973-01-03Jan 3, 1973 (W) | 02013-03-26Mar 26, 2013 (W) | Ratification |
Holy See | 02002-01-07Jan 7, 2002 (W) | Accession | |
Honduras | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01979-03-14Mar 14, 1979 (W) | Ratification |
Hungary | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01972-12-27Dec 27, 1972 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Iceland | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-02-15Feb 15, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
India | 01973-01-15Jan 15, 1973 (L, M, W) | 01974-07-15Jul 15, 1974 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Indonesia | 01972-06-20Jun 20, 1972 (M, W) 01972-06-21Jun 21, 1972 (L) |
01992-02-04Feb 4, 1992 (M) 01992-02-19Feb 19, 1992 (L) 01992-04-01Apr 1, 1992 (W) |
Ratification |
Iran | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M, W) 01972-11-16Nov 16, 1972 (L) |
01973-08-22Aug 22, 1973 (L, W) 01973-08-27Aug 27, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Iraq | 01972-05-11May 11, 1972 (M) | 01991-06-19Jun 19, 1991 (M) | Ratification |
Ireland | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) | 01972-10-27Oct 27, 1972 (L, W) | Ratification |
Italy | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-05-30May 30, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Jamaica | 01975-08-13Aug 13, 1975 (L) | Accession | |
Japan | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01982-06-08Jun 8, 1982 (W) 01982-06-18Jun 18, 1982 (L, M) |
Ratification |
Jordan | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) 01972-04-17Apr 17, 1972 (L) 01972-04-24Apr 24, 1972 (M) |
01975-05-30May 30, 1975 (M) 01975-06-02Jun 2, 1975 (W) 01975-06-27Jun 27, 1975 (L) |
Ratification |
Kazakhstan | 02007-05-31May 31, 2007 (M) | 02007-06-15Jun 15, 2007 (M) | Accession |
Kenya | 01976-01-07Jan 7, 1976 (L) | Accession | |
Kuwait | 01972-04-14Apr 14, 1972 (M, W) 01972-04-27Apr 27, 1972 (L) |
01972-07-18Jul 18, 1972 (W) 01972-07-26Jul 26, 1972 (L) 01972-08-01Aug 1, 1972 (M) |
Ratification |
Kyrgyzstan | 02004-10-15Oct 15, 2004 (M) | Accession | |
Laos | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-03-20Mar 20, 1973 (M) 01973-03-22Mar 22, 1973 (W) 01973-04-25Apr 25, 1973 (L) |
Ratification |
Latvia | 01997-02-06Feb 6, 1997 (L) | Accession | |
Lebanon | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) 01972-04-21Apr 21, 1972 (M) |
01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (L) 01975-04-02Apr 2, 1975 (M) 01975-06-13Jun 13, 1975 (W) |
Ratification |
Lesotho | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01977-09-06Sep 6, 1977 (L) | Ratification |
Libya | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M) | 01982-01-19Jan 19, 1982 (M) | Ratification |
Liechtenstein | 01991-05-30May 30, 1991 (W) 01991-05-31May 31, 1991 (M) 01991-06-06Jun 6, 1991 (L) |
Accession | |
Lithuania | 01998-02-10Feb 10, 1998 (L) | Accession | |
Luxembourg | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M) 01972-04-12Apr 12, 1972 (W) |
01976-03-23Mar 23, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Macedonia | 01996-12-26Dec 26, 1996 (M) 01997-03-14Mar 14, 1997 (L) 01997-04-23Apr 23, 1997 (W) |
Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Madagascar | 01972-10-13Oct 13, 1972 (L) | 02008-03-07Mar 7, 2008 (M, W) | Ratification |
Malawi | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 02013-04-02Apr 2, 2013 (?) | Ratification |
Malaysia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01991-09-06Sep 6, 1991 (L, M) 01991-09-26Sep 26, 1991 (W) |
Ratification |
Maldives | 01993-08-02Aug 2, 1993 (M) | Accession | |
Mali | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 02002-11-25Nov 25, 2002 (W) | Ratification |
Malta | 01972-09-11Sep 11, 1972 (L) | 01975-04-07Apr 7, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
Marshall Islands | 02012-11-15Nov 15, 2012 (W) | Accession | |
Mauritius | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01972-08-07Aug 7, 1972 (W) 01973-01-11Jan 11, 1973 (L) 01973-01-15Jan 15, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Mexico | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01974-04-08Apr 8, 1974 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Moldova | 02005-01-28Jan 28, 2005 (M, W) | Accession | |
Monaco | 01999-04-30Apr 30, 1999 (L) | Accession | |
Mongolia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01972-09-05Sep 5, 1972 (W) 01972-09-14Sep 14, 1972 (L) 01972-10-20Oct 20, 1972 (M) |
Ratification |
Montenegro | 02006-06-03Jun 3, 2006 (M) | Succession from Serbia and Montenegro | |
Morocco | 01972-05-02May 2, 1972 (L) 01972-05-03May 3, 1972 (W) 01972-06-05Jun 5, 1972 (M) |
02002-03-21Mar 21, 2002 (L) | Ratification |
Mozambique | 02011-03-29Mar 29, 2011 (L) | Accession | |
Nauru | 02013-03-05Mar 5, 2013 (W) | Accession | |
Netherlands | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01981-06-22Jun 22, 1981 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
New Zealand | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01972-12-13Dec 13, 1972 (W) 01972-12-18Dec 18, 1972 (L) 01973-01-10Jan 10, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Nicaragua | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) | 01975-08-07Aug 7, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Niger | 01972-04-21Apr 21, 1972 (W) | 01972-06-23Jun 23, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Nigeria | 01972-07-03Jul 3, 1972 (M) 01972-07-10Jul 10, 1972 (L) 01972-12-06Dec 6, 1972 (W) |
01973-07-03Jul 3, 1973 (W) 01973-07-09Jul 9, 1973 (L) 01973-07-20Jul 20, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
North Korea | 01987-03-13Mar 13, 1987 (M) | Accession | |
Norway | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-08-01Aug 1, 1973 (L, W) 01973-08-23Aug 23, 1973 (M) |
Ratification |
Oman | 01992-03-31Mar 31, 1992 (W) | Accession | |
Pakistan | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01974-09-25Sep 25, 1974 (M) 01974-10-03Oct 3, 1974 (L, W) |
Ratification |
Palau | 02003-02-20Feb 20, 2003 (W) | Accession | |
Panama | 01972-05-02May 2, 1972 (W) | 01974-03-20Mar 20, 1974 (W) | Ratification |
Papua New Guinea | 01980-10-27Oct 27, 1980 (L) 01980-11-13Nov 13, 1980 (M) 01981-03-16Mar 16, 1981 (W) |
Accession | |
Paraguay | 01976-06-09Jun 9, 1976 (W) | Accession | |
Peru | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01985-06-05Jun 5, 1985 (L, M) 01985-06-11Jun 11, 1985 (W) |
Ratification |
Philippines | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) 01972-06-21Jun 21, 1972 (M) |
01973-05-21May 21, 1973 (W) | Ratification |
Poland | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-01-25Jan 25, 1973 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Portugal | 01972-06-29Jun 29, 1972 (W) | 01975-05-15May 15, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Qatar | 01972-11-14Nov 14, 1972 (L) | 01975-04-17Apr 17, 1975 (L) | Ratification |
Romania | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01979-07-25Jul 25, 1979 (W) 01979-07-26Jul 26, 1979 (L) 01979-07-27Jul 27, 1979 (M) |
Ratification |
Russia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification as Soviet Union |
Rwanda | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M, W) | 01975-05-20May 20, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | 01991-04-02Apr 2, 1991 (L) | Accession | |
Saint Lucia | 01986-11-26Nov 26, 1986 (L) | Succession from United Kingdom | |
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 01999-05-13May 13, 1999 (L) | Succession from United Kingdom | |
San Marino | 01972-09-12Sep 12, 1972 (W) 01973-01-30Jan 30, 1973 (M) 01973-03-21Mar 21, 1973 (L) |
01975-03-11Mar 11, 1975 (L) 01975-03-17Mar 17, 1975 (W) 01975-03-27Mar 27, 1975 (M) |
Ratification |
Sao Tome and Principe | 01979-08-24Aug 24, 1979 (M) | Accession | |
Saudi Arabia | 01972-04-12Apr 12, 1972 (W) | 01972-05-24May 24, 1972 (W) | Ratification |
Senegal | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Serbia | 01992-04-27Apr 27, 1992 (M) 02001-06-05Jun 5, 2001 (W) 02001-06-13Jun 13, 2001 (L) |
Succession from SFR Yugoslavia Succession from Serbia and Montenegro |
|
Seychelles | 01979-10-11Oct 11, 1979 (L) 01979-10-16Oct 16, 1979 (W) 01979-10-24Oct 24, 1979 (M) |
Accession | |
Sierra Leone | 01972-11-07Nov 7, 1972 (W) 01972-11-24Nov 24, 1972 (L) |
01976-06-29Jun 29, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Singapore | 01972-06-19Jun 19, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-12-02Dec 2, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Slovakia | 01993-01-01Jan 1, 1993 (M) 01993-05-17May 17, 1993 (L) 01993-06-10Jun 10, 1993 (W) |
Succession from Czechoslovakia |
|
Slovenia | 01992-04-07Apr 7, 1992 (L, M) 01992-08-20Aug 20, 1992 (W) |
Succession from SFR Yugoslavia | |
Solomon Islands | 01981-06-17Jun 17, 1981 (L) | Succession from United Kingdom | |
South Africa | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01975-11-03Nov 3, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
South Korea | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) | 01987-06-25Jun 25, 1987 (L, W) | Ratification |
Spain | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, W) | 01979-06-20Jun 20, 1979 (L, W) | Ratification |
Sri Lanka | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01986-11-18Nov 18, 1986 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Sudan | 02003-10-17Oct 17, 2003 (L) 02003-10-20Oct 20, 2003 (M) 02003-11-07Nov 7, 2003 (W) |
Accession | |
Suriname | 01993-01-06Jan 6, 1993 (L, M) 01993-04-09Apr 9, 1993 (W) |
Accession | |
Swaziland | 01991-06-18Jun 18, 1991 (L) | Accession | |
Sweden | 01974-02-27Feb 27, 1974 (M) 01975-02-27Feb 27, 1975 (L, W) |
01976-02-05Feb 5, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Switzerland | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01976-05-04May 4, 1976 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Tajikistan | 02005-06-27Jun 27, 2005 (M) | Accession | |
Thailand | 01973-01-17Jan 17, 1973 (W) | 01975-05-28May 28, 1975 (W) | Ratification |
Timor-Leste | 02003-05-05May 5, 2003 (W) | Accession | |
Togo | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01976-11-10Nov 10, 1976 (W) | Ratification |
Tonga | 01976-09-28Sep 28, 1976 (L) | Accession | |
Trinidad and Tobago | 02007-07-19Jul 19, 2007 (L) | Accession | |
Tunisia | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01973-05-18May 18, 1973 (W) 01973-05-30May 30, 1973 (M) 01973-06-06Jun 6, 1973 (L) |
Ratification |
Turkey | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01974-10-25Oct 25, 1974 (M) 01974-11-04Nov 4, 1974 (L) 01974-11-05Nov 5, 1974 (W) |
Ratification |
Turkmenistan | 01996-01-11Jan 11, 1996 (M) 01996-03-08Mar 8, 1996 (W) |
Accession | |
Uganda | 01992-05-12May 12, 1992 (W) | Accession | |
Ukraine | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (M) | Ratification as Ukrainian SSR |
United Arab Emirates | 01972-09-28Sep 28, 1972 (L) | 02008-06-19Jun 19, 2008 (L) | Ratification |
United Kingdom | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
United States | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (L, M, W) | 01975-03-26Mar 26, 1975 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Uruguay | 01981-04-06Apr 6, 1981 (W) | Accession | |
Uzbekistan | 01996-01-26Jan 26, 1996 (M) | Accession | |
Vanuatu | 01990-10-12Oct 12, 1990 (L) | Accession | |
Venezuela | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (W) | 01978-10-18Oct 18, 1978 (L, M, W) | Ratification |
Vietnam | 01972-04-10Apr 10, 1972 (M) | 01980-06-20Jun 20, 1980 (M) | Ratification |
Yemen | 01972-04-26Apr 26, 1972 (M) 01972-05-10May 10, 1972 (L) |
01979-06-01Jun 1, 1979 (M) | Ratification as North Yemen (L, W) and South Yemen (M) |
Zambia | 02008-01-15Jan 15, 2008 (L) | Accession | |
Zimbabwe | 01990-11-05Nov 5, 1990 (L) | Accession |
- Notes
Read more about this topic: List Of Parties To The Biological Weapons Convention
Famous quotes containing the word states:
“Perhaps anxious politicians may prove that only seventeen white men and five negroes were concerned in the late enterprise; but their very anxiety to prove this might suggest to themselves that all is not told. Why do they still dodge the truth? They are so anxious because of a dim consciousness of the fact, which they do not distinctly face, that at least a million of the free inhabitants of the United States would have rejoiced if it had succeeded. They at most only criticise the tactics.”
—Henry David Thoreau (18171862)