List of Enclaves and Exclaves - Pene-enclaves/exclaves and Inaccessible Districts

Pene-enclaves/exclaves and Inaccessible Districts

Pene-enclaves and pene-exclaves are regions that are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition. For instance, being contiguous with the main region but not connected by road or by land.

  • Angola: Cabinda is bounded by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Argentina: The eastern part of Tierra del Fuego island, which is part of Tierra del Fuego province, is bounded by Chile, the Beagle Channel and the Atlantic Ocean.
  • Austria:
    • The municipality of Jungholz is surrounded by German territory virtually everywhere, except at one point, a so-called quadripoint: the top of a mountain.
    • The Kleinwalsertal, a valley part of Vorarlberg, can only be reached by road from Oberstdorf, Germany.
  • Belarus/Lithuania: Adutiškis railway station straddles the Lithuania/Belarus border. Trains pass through Lithuanian territory while travelling to and from Belarus, and platforms are in both Belarus and Lithuania. Nowadays, the station is mainly used for freight.
  • Bolivia: Copacabana and the surrounding promontory are separated from the rest of Bolivia by Lake Titicaca, only joining by land to Peruvian territory.
  • Brunei: Temburong District is bounded by Malaysia and Brunei Bay. Territorial waters are contiguous, however.
  • Canada:
    • St. Regis, Quebec: Part of the Akwesasne Mohawk Nation on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River, it is attached by land to the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation in New York State; road access to the rest of Canada is only available through New York State.
    • Campobello Island, New Brunswick can be reached by road only by driving through the United States, across the border bridge. Connection with the rest of Canada is by ferry.
    • Cold Lake, a large C-shaped lake, straddles the border between Alberta and Saskatchewan in such a way that a peninsula in Alberta territory can only be reached overland by passing through Saskatchewan's Meadow Lake Provincial Park.
    • The Haskell Free Library and Opera House is located on the line between the United States and Canada; the library is physically located in Stanstead, Quebec in Canada, but the front door to the building exits onto Caswell Avenue in Derby Line, Vermont in the United States. A special exception allows Canadians and Americans to cross the border in order to use the building's facilities, but they must return back to their home country (or see the Customs office) or they can be charged with illegally entering the other country.
  • Chile - The southernmost tip of the Chile / Argentina border has a lighthouse on the Chile side, which is cut off from the rest of Chile by a river or inlet which appears to cross the border into Argentina at Punta Dungeness.
  • Croatia: The southern portion of Dubrovnik-Neretva County, including the historic city of Dubrovnik, is bounded by Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and the Adriatic Sea. Territorial waters are contiguous, however. Neum, Bosnia and Herzegovina's only sea access, is sandwiched between the two portions of this county.
  • Cyprus (de facto): Two portions of land in the island's Southeast, in addition to the enclaves mentioned above, are cut off from the rest of the Greek Cypriot territory by the British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia. They are bounded by the base and the Mediterranean Sea, and the larger one also is bounded by a United Nations Buffer Zone. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus also has an exclave in the island's Northwest, Kokkina/Erenköy, which is bounded by the buffer zone and the Mediterranean.
  • Denmark/Germany: Several farms on the border.
  • East Timor: Oecussi-Ambeno is bounded by Indonesia and the Savu Sea.
  • Finland/Sweden: The Finnish municipality of Tornio has one pene-enclave unreachable directly by land from Finnish territory, and the neighbouring Swedish municipality of Haparanda has two similar pene-enclaves unreachable directly from Swedish territory.
  • France:
    • French Guiana (an Overseas Department), in South America, is bounded by Suriname, Brazil, and the Atlantic Ocean.
    • The territorial water of Canada completely surrounds that of the French territorial collectivity of St Pierre and Miquelon except for a corridor 10.5 NM (19.4 km) wide stretching 200 NM (370 km) south to open sea.
  • Ireland/United Kingdom: The western-most region of County Monaghan in the Republic of Ireland contains a pene-enclave jutting into County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), known as the Drummully Polyp or Coleman's Island. There are two inaccessible districts: Drumard in the 'polyp' itself, belongs to the Republic of Ireland and is inaccessible directly by road from any other part of the Republic; the village of Summerhill, County Fermanagh in Northern Ireland is similarly inaccessible from the rest of Northern Ireland. The A3 (Northern Ireland) and N54 (Republic of Ireland) road, known as the Concession Road, crosses the border here 4 times in a short distance. See N54 here:
  • Italy:
    • The Livigno valley near the Swiss border was at one time accessible only from Switzerland and was exempt from Italian customs, an exemption that continues today even though road access to the rest of Italy has been established. It is therefore excluded from EU VAT area.
    • The village of Bagni di Craveggia can only be reached by travelling through the Canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village never became part of Switzerland as the pastures surrounding it were owned by the people of Vigezzo Valley, rather than the people of the Swiss Onsernone Valley, at the end of which the village is situated. Consequently, the Swiss franc is commonly used.
    • On the San Marino/Italy border, there is Italian land east of the river San Marino that does not join to any other part of 'dry' Italian territory. This area is only a few metres wide, and follows the river's course for around 500 metres, and is close to the Strada del Lavoro.
  • Malaysia: In the state of Sarawak, the Limbang Division is completely cut off from the rest of the state's road network. The Limbang District in the division is only accessible by road through Brunei, as it is located between Brunei's main portion and the Temburong District. The Lawas District, on the other hand, lies between Temburong and the state of Sabah. As Sabah and Sarawak have autonomy in immigration affairs, immigration checks are required when travelling into or out of the Limbang Division by road.
  • Namibia: Mpalila Island can only be reached from the rest of the country by travelling through Botswana.
  • Netherlands: Part of the province of Zeeland, namely Zeeuws Vlaanderen is accessible by land only through the country of Belgium though it is accessible by sea from the rest of the province of Zeeland. There is a tunnel, the Westerscheldetunnel, which also links Zeeuws Vlaanderen to the rest of the province.
  • Norway/Sweden:
    • Properties 79/3 and 79/4 at Trosterud in the Norwegian municipality of Rømskog are only accessible by road via a small tract following the vista of the Norwegian–Swedish state boundary.
    • Close to Narvik, a road enters Swedish territory. It does not connect with any other Swedish road before it enters Norwegian land once more.
  • Oman: Musandam is bounded by the United Arab Emirates and the Strait of Hormuz.
  • Portugal: An area north of Tourém is cut off from the rest of Portuguese territory by the lake Encoro de Salas, being surrounded by Spanish territory. It is accessible by a road bridge, but otherwise does not border the rest of Portugal.
  • Russia:
    • Kaliningrad Oblast is bounded by Lithuania, Poland, and the Baltic Sea.
    • Dubki area is bounded by Estonia and Lake Peipsi-Pihkva.
    • The settlement of Maloje Kulisko is separated from the rest of the country by the Kuuleski River; the village is otherwise surrounded by Estonian territory.
    • There are three pene-exclaves of Russian territory which can be accessed only via the Lithuanian town of Vištytis. The border is officially undemarcated, and there are proposals to change the boundaries around this area.
  • Senegal: An area of marshy land, approximately 1-mile (1.6 km) south of Tiong, Mauritania is owned by Senegal, but is inaccessible from any other part of Senegal. Coastal waters, however, are contiguous.
  • Spain:
    • Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera are bounded by Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea.
    • Os de Civis is inaccessible via any other part of Spanish territory, as one has to travel via Andorra.
  • Switzerland: The village of Samnaun could initially only be reached by road from Austria. Thus in 1892 the village was excluded from the Swiss customs territory. The exemption was maintained even when in 1907-1912 a road was built to the Engadin valley.
  • Turkey:
    • The European section of Turkey is bounded by Greece and Bulgaria. Note that despite the fact that the European section and the Asian sections of Turkey are not geographically contiguous, there are two connecting bridges in Istanbul.
    • The valley of Macahel, which includes five villages in northeastern Turkey, can only be reached by vehicle via Batumi in Georgia. In winter, as the snow shuts the paths which are completely within the borders of Turkey, the road via Batumi is the only way for getting there.
  • United Kingdom:
    • Northern Ireland is bounded by The Republic of Ireland, The Irish Sea and The Atlantic Ocean
    • The overseas territory of Gibraltar is on the south coast of Spain.
  • United States:
    • Alaska is bounded by Canada, the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Sea, and the Pacific Ocean. Alaska is the world's largest exclave.
    • Although Alaska is itself an exclave (road access is primarily via the Alaska Highway), the town of Hyder, Alaska, can only be reached by road from Stewart, British Columbia. There is no road from Hyder to any other point in Alaska. Additionally, much of the Alaska Panhandle consists of mountainous peninsulas; many communities along the coast lack road connection to other parts of Alaska directly, such as the state capital Juneau.
    • Point Roberts, Washington, is bounded by Canada, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay.
    • The Northwest Angle – the northernmost part of Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota and the northernmost part of the contiguous 48 states – is bounded by Canada and Lake of the Woods.
    • Elm Point, Minnesota, and a small piece of land just to the west are also bounded by Canada and Lake of the Woods.
    • Alburgh, Vermont, is bounded by Canada and Lake Champlain.
    • Province Point, the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, Vermont, is bounded by Canada and Lake Champlain.
    • Estcourt Station, Maine, does not have public road access to the rest of Maine. Instead, Estcourt Station's houses, store and gas station access Rue Frontiere, a street on the Canadian side of the border in Pohenegamook, Quebec.

Read more about this topic:  List Of Enclaves And Exclaves

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