In addition to the generally accepted scientific classification Homo sapiens (Latin: "wise man" or "knowing man"), other Latin-based names for the human species have been created to refer to various aspects of the human character. Some of these are ironic of the self-ascribed nobility immanent in the choice of sapiens, others are serious suggestions as to what Human universals may be considered defining characteristics of the species.
The mixture of serious and tongue-in-cheek self-designation originates with Plato, who on one hand defined man as it were taxonomically as "featherless biped" and on the other as ζῷον πολιτικόν zōon politikon, as "political" or "state-building animal" (Aristotle's term, based on Plato's Statesman).
- This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
| Name | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Homo amans | "loving man", "loving people" | man as a loving agent; Humberto Maturana 2008 |
| Homo reciprocans | "reciprocal man" | man as a cooperative actor who is motivated by improving his environment and wellbeing; Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis 1997 |
| Homo oeconomicus | "economic man" | man as a rational and self-interested agent. |
| Homo Ecologicus | "Ecological Man" | A new ecological consciousness for humanity, part of modern environmentalism. |
| Homo faber | "toolmaker man" "fabricator man" "worker man" |
Benjamin Franklin, Karl Marx, Kenneth Oakley 1949, Max Frisch 1957, Hannah Arendt. |
| Homo generosus | "generous man" | suggested by popular science writer Tor Nørretranders in his book Generous Man on evolutionary theory and sociobiology. |
| Homo adorans | "worshipping man" | Man as a worshipping agent, a servant of God or gods. |
| Homo ludens | "playing man" | Friedrich Schiller 1795. Suggested by Dutch historian, cultural theorist and professor Johan Huizinga, in his book Homo Ludens. The characterization of human culture as essentially bearing the character of play. |
| Homo sociologicus | "sociological man" | parody term; the human species as prone to sociology, Ralf Dahrendorf. |
| Homo loquens | "talking man" | man as the only animal capable of language, J. G. Herder 1772, J. F. Blumenbach 1779 |
| Homo loquax | "chattering man" | parody variation of Homo loquens, used by Henri Bergson (1943), Tom Wolfe (2006), also in A Canticle for Leibowitz (1960). |
| Homo necans | "killing man" | Walter Burkert |
| Homo demens | "mad man" | man as the only being with irrational delusions. Edgar Morin 1975 |
| Homo ridens | "laughing man" | G.B. Milner 1969 |
| Homo sentimentalis | "sentimental man" | man born to a civilization of sentiment, who has raised feelings to a category of value; the human ability to empathize, but also to idealize emotions and make them servants of ideas. Milan Kundera in Immortality (1990), Eugene Halton in Bereft of Reason: On the Decline of Social Thought and Prospects for Its Renewal (1995). |
| Homo politicus | "political man", "social man" | zóon politikón, animal sociale, after Aristotle |
| Homo inermis | "helpless man" | man as defenseless, unprotected, devoid of animal instincts. J. F. Blumenbach 1779, J. G. Herder 1784–1791, Arnold Gehlen 1940 |
| Homo creator | "creator man" | human creativity, Michael Landmann 1955, W.E. Mühlmann 1962 |
| Homo pictor | "depicting man", "man the artist" | human sense of aesthetics, Hans Jonas 1961 |
| Homo aestheticus | "aesthetic man" | human sense of aesthetics, tendency to create and enjoy art, Ellen Dissanayake 1992 |
| Homo grammaticus | "grammatical man" | human use of grammar, language, Frank Palmer 1971 |
| Homo imitans | "imitating man" | human capability of learning and adapting by imitation, Andrew N. Meltzoff 1988, Jürgen Lethmate 1992 |
| Homo discens | "learning man" | human capability to learn and adapt, Heinrich Roth, Theodor Wilhelm |
| Homo educanus | "to be educated" | human need of education before reaching maturity, Heinrich Roth 1966 |
| Homo investigans | "investigating man" | human curiosity and capability to learn by deduction, Werner Luck 1976 |
| Homo excentricus | "not self-centered" | human capability for objectivity, human self-reflection, theory of mind, Helmuth Plessner 1928 |
| Homo metaphysicus | "metaphysical man" | Arthur Schopenhauer 1819 |
| Homo religiosus | "religious man" | Alister Hardy |
| Homo viator | "pilgrim man" | man as on his way towards finding God, Gabriel Marcel 1945 |
| Homo patiens | "suffering man" | human capability for suffering, Viktor Frankl 1988 |
| Homo laborans | "working man" | human capability for division of labour, specialization and expertise in craftsmanship and, Theodor Litt 1948 |
| Animal laborans | "laboring animal" | Hannah Arendt |
| Animal symbolicum | "symbolizing animal" | use of symbols, Ernst Cassirer 1944 |
| Animal rationabile | "animal capable of rationality" | Carl von Linné 1760, Immanuel Kant 1798 |
| Homo socius | "social man" | man as a social being. Inherent to humans as long as they have not lived entirely in isolation. Peter Berger & Thomas Luckmann in The Social Construction of Reality (1966). |
| Homo poetica | "man the meaning maker" | what separates man from other animals is his unrelenting search for meaning and significance. From Ernest Becker, in The Structure of Evil: "An Essay on the Unification of the Science of Man". |
| Pan narrans | "storytelling ape" | man not only as an intelligent species, but also as the only one who tells stories. From The Science of Discworld II: The Globe by Terry Pratchett, Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen |
| Pan sapiens or Homo troglodytes | "man the ape" | man as a member of the genus Pan. |
| Homo mendax | "lying man" | man with the ability to tell lies. Fernando Vallejo, Colombian writer |
| Homo Interneticus | "Man as the social globally networked animal" | Coined by Dr Aleks Krotoski academic and technology journalist, man the social animal, homo sapiens, utilising the internet as a tool for communication of self-expression, the exchange of ideas, organization and social interaction. From The Virtual Revolution by BBC, Open University |
| Homo technologicus | "technological man" | According to science historian Yves Gingras, the world in which we live is a product of human reason. It is the combination of technique and reason which gives birth to technology. Homo sapiens being homo faber, everything that surrounds him can only be artificial that is to say craftwork. In this precise sense, the human animal is necessarily counter-nature, anti-nature, the most paradoxical product of Nature. He has become, in sum, a homo technologicus. |
| Homo sanguinis | "Bloody man" | A comment on human foreign relations and the increasing ability of man to wage war by anatomist W. M. Cobb in the Journal of the National Medical Association in 1969 and 1975. |
Famous quotes containing the words list of, list, alternative, names, human and/or species:
“Do your children view themselves as successes or failures? Are they being encouraged to be inquisitive or passive? Are they afraid to challenge authority and to question assumptions? Do they feel comfortable adapting to change? Are they easily discouraged if they cannot arrive at a solution to a problem? The answers to those questions will give you a better appraisal of their education than any list of courses, grades, or test scores.”
—Lawrence Kutner (20th century)
“We saw the machinery where murderers are now executed. Seven have been executed. The plan is better than the old one. It is quietly done. Only a few, at the most about thirty or forty, can witness [an execution]. It excites nobody outside of the list permitted to attend. I think the time for capital punishment has passed. I would abolish it. But while it lasts this is the best mode.”
—Rutherford Birchard Hayes (1822–1893)
“It is a secret from nobody that the famous random event is most likely to arise from those parts of the world where the old adage “There is no alternative to victory” retains a high degree of plausibility.”
—Hannah Arendt (1906–1975)
“Nor youth, nor strength, nor wisdom spring again,
Nor habitations long their names retain,
But in oblivion to the final day remain.”
—Anne Bradstreet (c. 1612–1672)
“By his mere quiet power, on the minds of the now contestants, He could have either saved or destroyed the Union without a human contest. Yet the contest began. And having begun He could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds.”
—Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865)
“Both classically- and romantically-minded spirits—inasmuch as these two species always exist—occupy themselves with a vision of the future: but the former do so out of a strength of their age, the latter out of its weakness.”
—Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)