Juniper - Classification

Classification

The number of juniper species is in dispute, with two recent studies giving very different totals, Farjon (2001) accepting 52 species, and Adams (2004) accepting 67 species. The junipers are divided into several sections, though (particularly among the scale-leaved species) which species belong to which sections is still far from clear, with research still on-going. The section Juniperus is an obvious monophyletic group though.

• Juniperus sect. Juniperus: Needle-leaf junipers. The adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base (see below right).
  • Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band.
    • Juniperus communis - Common Juniper
      • Juniperus communis subsp. alpina - Alpine Juniper
    • Juniperus conferta - Shore Juniper (syn. J. rigida var. conferta)
    • Juniperus rigida - Temple Juniper or Needle Juniper
  • Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with two stomatal bands.
    • Juniperus brevifolia - Azores Juniper
    • Juniperus cedrus - Canary Islands Juniper
    • Juniperus deltoides - Eastern Prickly Juniper
    • Juniperus formosana - Chinese Prickly Juniper
    • Juniperus lutchuensis - Ryukyu Juniper
    • Pashthani Juniper Ziarat
    • Juniperus navicularis - Portuguese Prickly Juniper
    • Juniperus oxycedrus - Western Prickly Juniper or Cade Juniper
    • Juniperus macrocarpa (J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa) - Large-berry Juniper
  • Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Caryocedrus: Cones with 3 seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands.
    • Juniperus drupacea - Syrian Juniper

• Juniperus sect. Sabina: Scale-leaf junipers. The adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those of Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not jointed at the base (including in the few that have only needle-like leaves; see below right). Provisionally, all the other junipers are included here, though they form a paraphyletic group.
  • Old World species
    • Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper
      • Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii - Sargent's Juniper (Japanese: 深山柏槇)
      • Juniperus chinensis L. var. tsukusiensis Masummune (Chinese: 清水圓柏)
      • Juniperus chinensis Kaizuka (Japanese: 貝塚伊吹)
      • Junipers chinensis var. Procumbens (Japanese: 這柏槇)
      • Junipers chinensis Globosa (Japanese: 玉伊吹)
      • Junipers chinensis Aurea' (Japanese: 金伊吹)
    • Juniperus convallium - Mekong Juniper
    • Juniperus excelsa - Greek Juniper
      • Juniperus excelsa polycarpos - Persian Juniper
    • Juniperus foetidissima - Stinking Juniper
    • Juniperus indica - Black Juniper
    • Juniperus komarovii - Komarov's Juniper
    • Juniperus phoenicea - Phoenicean Juniper
    • Juniperus pingii - Ping Juniper
      • Juniperus pingii var. chengii
      • Juniperus pingii var. miehei
      • Juniperus pingii var. wilsonii
    • Juniperus procera - East African Juniper
    • Juniperus procumbens - Ibuki Juniper
    • Juniperus pseudosabina - Xinjiang Juniper
    • Juniperus recurva - Himalayan Juniper
      • Juniperus recurva var. butanica
      • Juniperus recurva var. coxii - Cox's Juniper
    • Juniperus sabina - Savin Juniper
      • Juniperus sabina var. davurica - Daurian Juniper
    • Juniperus saltuaria - Sichuan Juniper
    • Juniperus semiglobosa - Russian Juniper
    • Juniperus squamata - Flaky Juniper
    • Juniperus thurifera - Spanish Juniper
    • Juniperus tibetica - Tibetan Juniper
    • Juniperus wallichiana - Himalayan Black Juniper
  • New World species
    • Juniperus angosturana - Mexican One-seed Juniper
    • Juniperus ashei - Ashe Juniper
    • Juniperus arizonica - Synonym: Juniperus coahuilensis var. arizonica or Juniperus erythrocarpa var. coahuilensis. common names: Redberry Juniper, Roseberry Juniper
    • Juniperus barbadensis - West Indies Juniper
    • Juniperus bermudiana - Bermuda Juniper
    • Juniperus blancoi - Blanco's Juniper
    • Juniperus californica - California Juniper
    • Juniperus coahuilensis - Coahuila Juniper
    • Juniperus comitana - Comitán Juniper
    • Juniperus deppeana - Alligator Juniper
    • Juniperus durangensis - Durango Juniper
    • Juniperus flaccida - Mexican Weeping Juniper
    • Juniperus gamboana - Gamboa Juniper
    • Juniperus horizontalis - Creeping Juniper
    • Juniperus jaliscana - Jalisco Juniper
    • Juniperus monosperma - One-seed Juniper
    • Juniperus monticola - Mountain Juniper
    • Juniperus occidentalis - Western Juniper
      • Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis - Sierra Juniper
    • Juniperus osteosperma - Utah Juniper
    • Juniperus pinchotii - Pinchot Juniper
    • Juniperus saltillensis - Saltillo Juniper
    • Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky Mountain Juniper
    • Juniperus standleyi - Standley's Juniper
    • Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Juniper (Eastern Redcedar)
      • Juniperus virginiana subsp. silicicola - Southern Juniper
    • Juniperus zanonii (proposed)