Insulin Analog - Timeline

Timeline

• 1922 Banting and Best use bovine insulin extract on human
• 1923 Eli Lilly and Company (Lilly) produces commercial quantities of bovine insulin
• 1923 Hagedorn founds the Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium in Denmark forerunner of Novo Nordisk
• 1926 Nordisk receives Danish charter to produce insulin as a non-profit
• 1936 Canadians D.M. Scott and A.M. Fisher formulate zinc insulin mixture and license to Novo
• 1936 Hagedorn discovers that adding protamine to insulin prolongs the effect of insulin
• 1946 Nordisk formulates Isophane porcine insulin a.k.a. Neutral Protamine Hagedorn or NPH insulin
• 1946 Nordisk crystallizes a protamine and insulin mixture
• 1950 Nordisk markets NPH insulin
• 1953 Novo formulates Lente porcine and bovine insulins by adding zinc for longer-lasting insulin
• 1978 Genentech produces synthetic 'human' insulin in Escheria coli bacteria using recombinant DNA technology
• 1981 Novo Nordisk chemically and enzymatically converts porcine insulin to 'human' insulin
• 1982 Genentech synthetic 'human' insulin approved, largely thanks to its partnership with Eli Lilly and Company, who shepherded the product through the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval process
• 1983 Lilly produces synthetic, recombinant 'human' insulin, branded Humulin
• 1985 Axel Ullrich sequences the human insulin receptor
• 1988 Novo Nordisk produces synthetic, recombinant 'human' insulin
• 1996 Lilly Humalog "lispro" insulin analogue approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• 2003 Aventis Lantus "glargine" insulin analogue approved in USA
• 2004 Sanofi Aventis Apidra insulin "glulisine" analogue approved for clinical use in the USA.
• 2006 Novo Nordisk's Levemir "insulin detemir" analogue approved in USA