Some Possible Cognates
| Meaning | Indo-European | Uralic |
|---|---|---|
| first person singular | *-m 1 | *-m 2 |
| first person plural | *-me 3 | *-me 4 |
| second person singular | *-s (active),5 *-tHa (perfect) 6 | *-t 7 |
| second person plural | *-te 8 | *-te 9 |
| accusative | *-m 10 | *-m 11 |
| ablative | *-od 12 | *-ta 13 |
| nominative–accusative plural | *-es (nominative plural) 14 *-n̥s (accusative plural) 15 < *-m̥ (acc.sg.) + *-(e)s (pl.) |
*-t 16 |
| oblique plural | *-i (pronominal plural, as in *we-i- 'we', *to-i- 'those') 17 |
*-i 18 |
| dual | *-H₁ 19 | *-k 20 |
| 'and' (postposed conjunction) | *-kʷe 21 | *-ka ~ *-kä 22 |
| negative particle 'not' | *ne 23 | *ne 24 |
| 'I, me' | *me 'me' (accusative) 25 *mene 'my' (genitive) 26 |
*mun, *mina 'I' 27 |
| 'you' (singular) | *tu (nominative) 28 *twe (accusative) 29 *tewe 'your' (genitive) 30 |
*tun, *tina 31 |
| demonstrative pronoun | *so 'this, he/she' (animate nominative singular) 32 | *sä 'he/she, it' 33 |
| demonstrative pronoun | *to- 'this, that' 34 | *tä 'this', *to 'that' 35 |
| 'who?' (interrogative pronoun) | *kʷi- ~ *kʷe- ~ *kʷo- 'who?, what?' 36 *kʷi/e/o- + -ne 'who?, what?' 37 |
*ki ~ *ke ~ *ku ~ *ko 'who?, what?' 38 *ken 'who?' 39 |
| 'to give' | *deH₃- 40 | *toHi- 41 |
| 'to go' | *kʷelH- | *kulki- |
| 'to wash' | *mozg- | *mośki- |
| 'pot' | *pot- | *pata |
| 'to moisten', 'water' |
*wed- 'to wet', 42 *woder- 'water' 43 |
*weti 'water' 44 |
| 'name' | *nomen- 'name' 45 | *nimi 'name' 46 |
| 'fish' | *kʷalo- 'large fish' 47 | *kala 'fish' 48 |
| 'sister-in-law' | *galou- 'husband's sister' 49 | *kälɜ 'sister-in-law' 50 |
| 'much' | *pḷlu- 'much' 51 | *paljɜ 'thick, much' 52 |
Notes to table
1 Sanskrit -m, Old Persian -m, Latin -m, Oscan -m.
2 Finnish -n (-n < -m), Cheremis -m, Mansi -m, Udmurt -m; Yurak -m, Tavgi -m.
3 Lithuanian -me, Sanskrit -ma, Greek -men.
4 Finnish -me, Saami -mek (preterite); Tavgi -mu’, Kamassian -bɛ’.
5 Sanskrit -s, Greek -s, Latin -s, Gothic -s, Hittite -s.
6 Greek -tʰa, Sanskrit -tʰa.
7 Finnish -t, Mordvin -t, Cheremis -t.
8 Greek -te, Old Church Slavic -te.
9 Finnish -te, Saami -dek (preterite), Cheremis -dä, Hungarian -tek; Yenisei -δa’.
10 Sanskrit -m, Old Persian -m, Latin -m, Oscan -m.
11 Finnish -n (-n < -m), Cheremis -m, Mansi -m; Yurak -m, Kamassian -m, Ket -m.
12 Sanskrit asmād 'from this', Old Latin meritōd 'deservedly'.
13 Finnish -ta ~ -tä, Mordvin -do ~ -de, Veps -d.
14 Greek -es, Sanskrit -as.
15 Greek trí-ns, Gothic sunu-ns.
16 Finnish -t, Mordvin -t, Udmurt -t; Selkup -t.
17 Gothic wei-s, Sanskrit vay-ám; Greek toí, Avestan tōi.
18 Saami -i, Finnish -i; Hungarian -i- (e.g. hajó 'ship', hajó-m 'my ship', hajó-i-m 'my ships').
19 A lost consonant has lengthened the final vowel, as in Sanskrit tā́ nominative–accusative dual versus tá-m accusative singular.
20 Mansi -γ, Selkup -qy.
21 Latin -que, Greek te, Sanskrit -ca, etc.
22 Finnish -kä in ei ... eikä 'neither ... nor', Saami -ge, Mordvin (Moksha) -ka, Votyak -ke, Komi / Zyrian -kȯ, etc.
23 Latin ne-, Greek ne-, Sanskrit ná, Old High German and Old English ne ~ ni, etc.
24 Hungarian ne/nem, Cheremis / Mari nõ-, ni-, Votyak / Udmurt ni-, etc.
25 Greek me (enclitic).
26 Old Persian mana, Old Church Slavic mene, Welsh men, etc.
27 Finnish minä, Estonian mina, Nenets /mønʲə/. Uralic reconstruction *mun.
28 Latin tū, Greek sú (Attic), tu (Dorian), Lithuanian tù, Old English þu > archaic English thou, etc.
29 Greek sé, Sanskrit tvā (enclitic), Avestan θwā (enclitic), Old Church Slavic tebe, etc.
30 Sanskrit táva, Avestan tava, Proto-Celtic *towe (< PIE *tewe, with complex developments in the individual languages, Lewis and Pedersen 1989:193-217).
31 Finnish sinä (< *tinä), Saami ton, tú-, Mordvin ton, Votyak ton, Zyrian te, accusative tenõ, Hungarian të 'you' (singular), ti 'you' (plural), etc. Samoyed: Tavgi tannaŋ, Yeniseian Samoyed tod'i, Selkup tan, tat, Kamassian tan.
32 Gothic sa, Sanskrit sá, etc.
33 Finnish hän (< *sä-n), Saami son, Udmurt so. Samoyed: Nganasan syty.
34 Greek tó, Sanskrit tá-, Old Church Slavic to, etc.
35 Finnish tämä 'this' and tuo 'that (one)', Cheremis ti 'this', Mordvin te 'this', etc.; Udmurt tu 'that', Mordvin to 'that', etc. Cf. Hungarian tétova 'hesitant' (i.e. reluctant to choose between this and that).
36 *kʷi-: Hittite kuis (animate nominative singular), kuit (inanimate nominative–accusative singular), Latin quis, quid, Greek tís, tí, etc.
*kʷe-: Greek téo (Homeric), Avestan čahmāi (dative singular; ča < PIE *kʷe), etc.
*kʷo-: Latin quod, Old Latin quoius > Latin cuius (genitive singular), Old English hwæt > English what, etc.
37 E.g. Latin quidne.
38 Saami gi ~ gä 'who?, which?, what sort of?' and gutti 'who?', Mordvin ki 'who?', Cheremis and Mari ke, kö, kü 'who?', Hungarian ki 'who?', Finnish kuka 'who?', Komi / Zyrian kod 'which?', Ostyak koji 'who?', kŏti 'what?', etc.
39 Finnish ken ~ kene 'who?', Votyak kin 'who?', Udmurt kin 'who?', Komi / Zyrian kin 'who?'. Samoyed: Yurak Samoyed kin 'who?', Southern Nenets kin 'who?'.
40 Hittite tā-, Latin dō, Greek dídōmi, Sanskrit dā-, etc.
41 Finnish tuo 'bring', Estonian too- 'bring', Saami duokə- 'sell', Mordvin tuje- 'bring'. Samoyed: Tundra Yurak taš 'give, bring', Enets ta- 'bring', Tavgi tətud'a 'give, bring', etc.
42 Sanskrit ud-.
43 Hittite wātar (instrumental wēdanda), Umbrian utur (ablative une < *udne), Greek húdōr (genitive húdatos < *hudn̥tos), Sanskrit ud-án- (oblique cases only, nominative–accusative defective), Old Church Slavic voda, Gothic watō (n-stem, dative plural watnam), Old Norse vatn, Old English wæter > English water, etc.
This word belongs to the r / n stems, a small group of neuter nouns, from an archaic stratum of Indo-European, that alternate -er (or -or) in the nominative and accusative with -en in the other cases. Some languages have leveled the paradigm to one or the other, e.g. English to the r, Old Norse to the n form.
44 Finnish vesi / vete-, Estonian vesi, Mordvin wət, Udmurt vu, Komi / Zyrian va, Vogul wit, Hungarian víz. Samoyed: Forest Yurak wit, Selkup üt, Kamassian bü, etc.
45 Latin nōmen, Greek ónoma, Sanskrit nā́man-, Old English nama > English name, etc.
Indo-Europeanists are divided on whether to reconstruct this word as *nom(e)n- or as *H₁nom(e)n-, with a preceding "laryngeal". See Delamarre 2003:50 for a summary of views, with references. The o timbre of the root is assured by, among others, Greek ónoma and Latin nōmen (with secondary vowel lengthening). As roots with inherent o are uncommon in Indo-European, most roots having e as their vowel, the underlying root is probably *nem-. The -(e)n is an affixal particle. Whether the e placed in parentheses is inherently part of the word is disputed but probable.
46 Finnish nimi, Saami nama ~ namma, Mordvin lem, Cheremis lüm, Votyak and Zyrian ńim, Vogul näm, Ostyak nem, Hungarian név. Among the Samoyed languages: Yurak nim, Tavgi ńim, Yenisei Samoyed ńii’, Selkup nim, nem. Compare, in Yukaghir, Kolyma niu and Chuvan nyva.
47 Latin squalus (with s-mobile) 'large sea fish', Old Prussian kalis 'sheatfish', Old English hwæl 'whale' > English whale, etc.
48 Finnish kala, Estonian kala, Saami kuollē, Mordvin kal, Cheremis kol, Ostyak kul, Hungarian hal; Enets kare, Koibal kola, etc.
49 Latin glōs (genitive glōris), Greek gálōs, Old Church Slavic zŭlŭva, all meaning 'husband's sister'.
50 Finnish käly 'sister-in-law', Estonian kälī 'husband's brother, wife of husband's brother', Saami kāloji 'sister-in-law', Mordvin kel 'sister-in-law', etc.
51 Greek polú-, Sanskrit purú-, Avestan pouru-, Gothic filu, Old High German filu > German viel, all meaning 'much'.
The ḷ in Indo-European *pḷlu- represents a vocalic l, a sound found in English in for instance little, where it corresponds to the -le, and metal, where it corresponds to the -al. An earlier form of the Indo-European word was probably *pelu-.
52 Finnish paljon 'much', Cheremis pülä 'rather a lot', Vogul pāľ 'thick', Yurak palɁ 'thick'. Cp. Tundra Yukaghir pojuoŋ 'many'.
An asterisk (*) indicates reconstructed forms.
A tilde (~) means 'alternating with'.
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