Definitions and Nomenclature
Hypervalent molecules were first formally defined by Jeremy I. Musher in 1969 as molecules having central atoms of group 15-18 in any oxidation state other than the lowest.
Several specific classes of hypervalent molecules exist:
- Hypervalent iodine compounds are useful reagents in organic chemistry (e.g. Dess-Martin periodinane)
- Tetra-, penta- and hexacoordinated phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur compounds (ex. PCl5, PF5, SF6, sulfuranes and persulfuranes)
- Noble gas compounds (ex. xenon tetrafluoride, XeF4)
- Halogen polyfluorides (ex. ClF5)
- Non-classical carbocations (ex. Norbornyl cation)
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