Origins
The term hyper-heuristics was first coined in 1997 by Jörg Denzinger, Matthias Fuchs and Marc Fuchs. They used it to describe a protocol that chooses and combines several AI methods. Several years later in 2000, Cowling and Soubeiga used it to describe the idea of "heuristics to choose heuristics". The first easily accessible paper to use the term appeared in 2001. The first journal article to use the term appeared in 2003. The origin of the idea (although not the term) can be traced back to the early 1960s and was independently re-discovered and extended several times during the 1990s. In the domain of Job Shop Scheduling, the pioneering work by Fisher and Thompson, hypothesized and experimentally proved, using probabilistic learning, that combining scheduling rules (also known as priority or dispatching rules) was superior than any of the rules taken separately. Although the term was not then in use, this was the first "hyper-heuristic" paper. Another root inspiring the concept of hyper-heuristics comes from the field of artificial intelligence. More specifically, it comes from work on automated planning systems, and its eventual focus towards the problem of learning control knowledge. The so-called COMPOSER system, developed by Gratch et al., was used for controlling satellite communication schedules involving a number of earth-orbiting satellites and three ground stations. The system can be characterized as a hill-climbing search in the space of possible control strategies.
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