Historicity of Muhammad - Quran

Sura - Ayah

Manzil - Juz' - Hizb

Meccan suras - Medinan suras

1.Al-Fatiha - 2.Al-Baqara - 3.Al Imran - 4.An-Nisa - 5.Al-Ma'ida - 6.Al-An'am - 7.Al-A'raf - 8.Al-Anfal - 9.At-Tawba - 10.Yunus - 11.Hud - 12.Yusuf - 13.Ar-Ra'd - 14.Ibrahim - 15.Al-Hijr - 16.An-Nahl - 17.Al-Isra - 18.Al-Kahf - 19.Maryam - 20.Ta-Ha - 21.Al-Anbiya - 22.Al-Hajj - 23.Al-Mu’minoon - 24.An-Nur - 25.Al-Furqan - 26.Ash-Shu'ara - 27.An-Naml - 28.Al-Qasas - 29.Al-Ankabut - 30.Ar-Rum - 31.Luqman - 32.As-Sajda - 33.Al-Ahzab - 34.Saba - 35.Fatir - 36.Ya Sin - 37.As-Saaffat - 38.Sad - 39.Az-Zumar - 40.Ghafir - 41.Fussilat - 42.Ash-Shura - 43.Az-Zukhruf - 44.Ad-Dukhan - 45.Al-Jathiya - 46.Al-Ahqaf - 47.Muhammad - 48.Al-Fath - 49.Al-Hujurat - 50.Qaf - 51.Adh-Dhariyat - 52.At-Tur - 53.An-Najm - 54.Al-Qamar - 55.Ar-Rahman - 56.Al-Waqi'a - 57.Al-Hadid - 58.Al-Mujadila - 59.Al-Hashr - 60.Al-Mumtahina - 61.As-Saff - 62.Al-Jumuah - 63.Al-Munafiqun - 64.At-Taghabun - 65.At-Talaq - 66.At-Tahrim - 67.Al-Mulk - 68.Al-Qalam - 69.Al-Haaqqa - 70.Al-Maarij - 71.Nuh - 72.Al-Jinn - 73.Al-Muzzammil - 74.Al-Muddathir - 75.Al-Qiyama - 76.Al-Insan (al-Dahr) - 77.Al-Mursalat - 78.An-Naba - 79.An-Naziat - 80.Abasa - 81.At-Takwir - 82.Al-Infitar - 83.Al-Mutaffifin - 84.Al-Inshiqaq - 85.Al-Burooj - 86.At-Tariq - 87.Al-'Ala - 88.Al-Ghashiya - 89.Al-Fajr - 90.Al-Balad - 91.Ash-Shams - 92.Al-Lail - 93.Ad-Dhuha - 94.Al-Inshirah - 95.At-Tin - 96.Al-Alaq - 97.Al-Qadr - 98.Al-Bayyina - 99.Az-Zalzala - 100.Al-Adiyat - 101.Al-Qaria - 102.At-Takathur - 103.Al-Asr - 104.Al-Humaza - 105.Al-Fil - 106.Quraysh - 107.Al-Ma'un - 108.Al-Kawthar - 109.Al-Kafirun - 110.An-Nasr - 111.Al-Masadd - 112.Al-Ikhlas - 113.Al-Falaq - 114.Al-Nas

Adam (Ādam - آدم) - Enoch (Īdrīs - إدريس) - Noah (Nūḥ - نوح) - Eber (Hūd - هود) - Saleh (Ṣāliḥ - صالح) - Abraham (Ibrāhīm - إبراهيم) - Lot (Lūṭ - لوط) - Ishmael (Ismā‘īl - إسماعيل) - Isaac (Isḥāq - إسحاق) - Jacob (Ya‘qūb - يعقوب) - Joseph (Yūsuf - يوسف) - Job (Ayyūb - أيوب) - Jethro (Shu‘aib - شعيب) - Moses (Mūsá - موسى) - Aaron (Hārūn - هارون) - Ezekiel (Dhul-kifl - ذو الكفل) - David (Dāwud - داود) - Solomon (Sulaimān - سليمان) - Elijah (Ilyās - إلياس) - Elisha (Alyasa‘ - اليسع) - Jonah (Yūnus - يونس) - Zechariah (Zakariyyā - زكريا) - John the Baptist (Yaḥyá - يحيى) - Jesus (‘Īsá - عيسى) - Muhammad (Muḥammad - محمد)

Tajwid - Tarteel - Rasm - Muqatta'at - Ruku' - Sujud

Hafiz (List of Hafiz) - Qari' - Qira'at

List of translations - English translations

Mus'haf - Tanazzulat

Qisas Al-Anbiya - Persons related to verses - Asbab al-nuzul - Naskh - Biblical narratives - Tahrif - Bakkah - Esoteric interpretation

Shia - Criticism - Desecration - Surah of Wilaya and Nurayn -

Quran and Sunnah - Literalism - Justice - Miracles - Science - Legends - Beit Al Quran - Digital Quran - Female figures

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According to traditional Islamic scholarship, all of the Qur'an was written down by Muhammad's companions while he was alive (during AD 610-632), but it was primarily an orally related document. The written compilation of the whole Qur'an in its definite form as we have it now was not completed until many years after the death of Muhammad.

F.E. Peters states, "Few have failed to be convinced that what is in our copy of the Quran is, in fact, what Muhammad taught, and is expressed in his own words... To sum this up: the Quran is convincingly the words of Muhammad, perhaps even dictated by him after their recitation". Peters argues that "The search for variants in the partial versions extant before the Caliph Uthman’s alleged recension in the 640s (what can be called the 'sources' behind our text) has not yielded any differences of great significance." .

Patricia Crone and Michael Cook challenge the traditional account of how the Qur'an was compiled writing that "there is no hard evidence for the existence of the Koran in any form before the last decade of the seventh century." They also question the accuracy of some the Qur'an's historical accounts. It is generally acknowledged that the work of Crone and Cook was a fresh approach in its reconstruction of early Islamic history, but their alternative account of early Islam has been almost universally rejected. Van Ess has dismissed it stating that "a refutation is perhaps unnecessary since the authors make no effort to prove it in detail...Where they are only giving a new interpretation of well-known facts, this is not decisive. But where the accepted facts are consciously put upside down, their approach is disastrous." R. B. Serjeant states: "Hagarism …is not only bitterly anti-Islamic in tone, but anti-Arabian. Its superficial fancies are so ridiculous that at first one wonders if it is just a ‘leg pull’, pure ’spoof’."

Gerd R. Puin's initial study of ancient Qur'an manuscripts found in Yemen led him to conclude that the Qur'an is a "cocktail of texts", some of which may have been existent a hundred years before Muhammad. He later stated that "these Yemeni Qur'anic fragments do not differ from those found in museums and libraries elsewhere, with the exception of details that do not touch the Qur'an itself, but are rather differences in the way words are spelled." Puin has stated that he believes the Qur'an was an evolving text rather than simply the Word of God as revealed in its entirety to the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D Karl-Heinz Ohlig comes to the conclusion that the person of Muhammed was not central to early Islam at all, and that at this very early stage Islam was in fact an Arabic Christian sect (likely Ebionite, Arian and/or Nestorian, based on the recorded Ebionite faith of Khadija, Muhammad's first wife, and the Arianism and/or Nestorianism of her cousin, the monk Bahira, recorded by John of Damascus in the early 8th century) which had objections to the concept of the trinity, and that the later hadith and biographies are in large part legends, instrumental in severing Islam from its Christian roots and building a full-blown new religion. John Wansbrough believes that the Qu’ran is a redaction in part of other sacred scriptures, in particular the Judaeo-Christian scriptures. Prof. Herbert Berg writes that "Despite John Wansbrough's very cautious and careful inclusion of qualifications such as "conjectural," and "tentative and emphatically provisional", his work is condemned by some. Some of negative reaction is undoubtedly due to its radicalness...Wansbrough's work has been embraced wholeheartedly by few and has been employed in a piecemeal fashion by many. Many praise his insights and methods, if not all of his conclusions."

There is considerable academic debate over the real chronology of the chapters of the Qur'an. Carole Hillenbrand holds that there are several remaining tasks for the Orientalist Qur'anic scholars: Few Qur'anic scholars have worked on the epigraphy of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem whose foundation inscription dates to 72/692 and the antique Qur'an recently discovered in the Yemen, the Sana'a manuscripts. The Carbon-14 tests applied to this Qur'an date it to 645-690 AD with 95 percent accuracy. Their real age may be a good deal younger, since C-14 estimates the year of the death of an organism, and the process from that to the final writing on the parchment involves an unknown amount of time, and parchments were also re-used often. Paleography has dated the San'a manuscripts to 690-750 AD.

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